Trial Outcomes & Findings for Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Premedication (NCT NCT02108171)

Results Overview

The times from stopping anesthetic infusions to adequate ventilation, consciousness and extubation after intranasal dexmedetomidine or placebo administration

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

NA

Target enrollment

81 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

1 days

Results posted on

2016-03-14

Participant Flow

Patients of ASA physical status I or II, aged between 18 and 60 yrs, scheduled for elective suspension for remove of benign lesions under general anesthesia between September 2013 and April 2014

40 patients receive intranasal dexmedetomidine (1 µg.kg-1 in 1 ml) and 41 patients receive intranasal saline (1 ml) 45-60 min before anesthetic induction.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Dexmedetomidine intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Overall Study STARTED	40	41
Overall Study COMPLETED	40	41
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	0	0

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Premedication

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Total n=81 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Categorical <=18 years	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years	40 Participants n=5 Participants	41 Participants n=7 Participants	81 Participants n=5 Participants
Age, Categorical >=65 years	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Age, Continuous	45.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.1 • n=5 Participants	43.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.2 • n=7 Participants	44.75 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.6 • n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	24 Participants n=5 Participants	28 Participants n=7 Participants	52 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	16 Participants n=5 Participants	13 Participants n=7 Participants	29 Participants n=5 Participants
BMI	22.49 kg per square meter STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.03 • n=5 Participants	22.75 kg per square meter STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.07 • n=7 Participants	22.62 kg per square meter STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.04 • n=5 Participants
Weight	59.4 kg STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.1 • n=5 Participants	60.1 kg STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.4 • n=7 Participants	59.76 kg STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.7 • n=5 Participants
Height	162.5 cm STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.0 • n=5 Participants	162.2 cm STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.1 • n=7 Participants	162.4 cm STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.1 • n=5 Participants
Duration time from drug administration to arrival at OR	42.3 min STANDARD_DEVIATION 20.4 • n=5 Participants	39.3 min STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.2 • n=7 Participants	40.8 min STANDARD_DEVIATION 19.2 • n=5 Participants
Duration time from drug administration to intubation	62.1 min STANDARD_DEVIATION 23.4 • n=5 Participants	60.8 min STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.9 • n=7 Participants	61.5 min STANDARD_DEVIATION 21.2 • n=5 Participants
Duration time Duration of surgery	21.4 min STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.1 • n=5 Participants	26.1 min STANDARD_DEVIATION 24.7 • n=7 Participants	23.7 min STANDARD_DEVIATION 20.1 • n=5 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 days

The times from stopping anesthetic infusions to adequate ventilation, consciousness and extubation after intranasal dexmedetomidine or placebo administration

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Extubation Time After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Premedication Extubation time	18.58 min Standard Deviation 7.376	17.16 min Standard Deviation 7.142
Extubation Time After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Premedication consciousness time	16.21 min Standard Deviation 6.278	14.74 min Standard Deviation 6.353
Extubation Time After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Premedication adequate ventilation time	8.24 min Standard Deviation 3.183	7.87 min Standard Deviation 2.648

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 days

Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale (OAA/S) scores and 4 point anxiety score of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine. Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale: 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking 1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Modified OAA/S Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine Pre-induction	4 units on a scale Interval 4.0 to 5.0	6 units on a scale Interval 5.0 to 6.0
Modified OAA/S Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine After extubation	4 units on a scale Interval 3.0 to 4.0	4 units on a scale Interval 3.0 to 5.0
Modified OAA/S Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine Before intranasal drugs	6 units on a scale Interval 6.0 to 6.0	6 units on a scale Interval 6.0 to 6.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Heart rate (HR) of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine. HR was monitored in the study.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Heart Rate (HR) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine After tracheal intubation	70.62 bpm Standard Deviation 12.13	85.26 bpm Standard Deviation 16.93
Heart Rate (HR) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine Before intranasal drops	71.75 bpm Standard Deviation 1.493	72.2 bpm Standard Deviation 2.105
Heart Rate (HR) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine On arrival at operating room	66.93 bpm Standard Deviation 1.732	71.53 bpm Standard Deviation 1.780
Heart Rate (HR) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine At pre-induction	65.63 bpm Standard Deviation 1.502	72 bpm Standard Deviation 1.721
Heart Rate (HR) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine After inserting operative laryngoscope	75.48 bpm Standard Deviation 16.55	83.61 bpm Standard Deviation 18.34
Heart Rate (HR) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine After removal of laryngoscope	71.76 bpm Standard Deviation 9.73	77.06 bpm Standard Deviation 11.52
Heart Rate (HR) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine On arrival at PACU	67.14 bpm Standard Deviation 9.08	68.9 bpm Standard Deviation 10.94
Heart Rate (HR) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine At emergency	67.81 bpm Standard Deviation 11.85	72.48 bpm Standard Deviation 13.45
Heart Rate (HR) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine After tracheal extubation	64.24 bpm Standard Deviation 13.19	73.65 bpm Standard Deviation 15.5
Heart Rate (HR) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine Before leaving PACU	65.52 bpm Standard Deviation 9.21	69.32 bpm Standard Deviation 10.04

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

satisfaction using a 3-point satisfaction score (1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable) anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 = anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable) were collected before intranasal drugs and at pre-induction. Anxiety score \>2 was considered to be better for the patient.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Number of Participants With Anxiety Score >2 Before intranasal drugs	25 participant	23 participant
Number of Participants With Anxiety Score >2 Pre-induction	39 participant	29 participant

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

4-point anxiety score: 1. = combative 2. = anxious 3. = calm 4. = amiable. Anxiety score \>2 was considered to be better for the preoperative patients.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine Before intranasal drugs	3 units on a scale Interval 2.0 to 3.0	3 units on a scale Interval 2.0 to 3.0
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine Pre-induction	3 units on a scale Interval 3.0 to 4.0	3 units on a scale Interval 2.0 to 3.0

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Systolic blood pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Systolic Blood Pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine Before intranasal drops	120.8684 mmHg Standard Deviation 2.07579	116.8462 mmHg Standard Deviation 1.71622
Systolic Blood Pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine On arrival at operating room	120.5641 mmHg Standard Deviation 2.96079	126.875 mmHg Standard Deviation 2.6373
Systolic Blood Pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine At pre-induction	117.725 mmHg Standard Deviation 2.73322	122.6 mmHg Standard Deviation 2.5285
Systolic Blood Pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine After tracheal intubation	121.57 mmHg Standard Deviation 13.97	119.52 mmHg Standard Deviation 14.94
Systolic Blood Pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine After inserting operative laryngoscope	130.00 mmHg Standard Deviation 21.24	123.65 mmHg Standard Deviation 19.60
Systolic Blood Pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine After removal of laryngoscope	126.33 mmHg Standard Deviation 15.96	123.39 mmHg Standard Deviation 10.16
Systolic Blood Pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine On arrival at PACU	128.52 mmHg Standard Deviation 17.81	123.90 mmHg Standard Deviation 14.61
Systolic Blood Pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine At emergency	132.76 mmHg Standard Deviation 18.20	130.71 mmHg Standard Deviation 16.67
Systolic Blood Pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine After tracheal extubation	136.76 mmHg Standard Deviation 21.11	132.13 mmHg Standard Deviation 19.14
Systolic Blood Pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine Before leaving PACU	130.00 mmHg Standard Deviation 14.81	127.97 mmHg Standard Deviation 13.41

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Patient satisfaction scores using a 3-point satisfaction score (1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable) were collected when patients were discharged from the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). Satisfaction score \<2 was considered to be better for the patient

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Number of Participants With Satisfaction Score <2	34 participant	25 participant

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Bradycardia was defined as heart rate (HR) \<45 bpm for more than 10 s.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Perioperative Bradycardia Episodes Bradycardiac episode:Pre-induction	2 participant	0 participant
Perioperative Bradycardia Episodes Bradycardiac episode:After intubation	1 participant	1 participant
Perioperative Bradycardia Episodes Bradycardiac episode:Intra-operative	3 participant	5 participant
Perioperative Bradycardia Episodes Bradycardiac episode:After extubation	7 participant	5 participant

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Tachycardia was defined as heart rate (HR) \>100 bpm for more than 10 s.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Perioperative Tachycardia Episodes Tachycardiac episode:After extubation	2 participant	9 participant
Perioperative Tachycardia Episodes Tachycardiac episode:Pre-induction	0 participant	0 participant
Perioperative Tachycardia Episodes Tachycardiac episode:After intubation	1 participant	8 participant
Perioperative Tachycardia Episodes Tachycardiac episode:Intra-operative	5 participant	11 participant

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Hypotension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased more than 30% of the pre-operative value for more than 1 min.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Perioperative Hypotension Episodes Hypotensive episode:Pre-induction	0 participant	2 participant
Perioperative Hypotension Episodes Hypotensive episode:After intubation	3 participant	4 participant
Perioperative Hypotension Episodes Hypotensive episode:Post-induction	3 participant	4 participant
Perioperative Hypotension Episodes Hypotensive episode:After extubation	1 participant	0 participant

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased 130% of the pre-operative value for more than 1 min.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Perioperative Hypertonsion Episodes Hypertensive episode:Pre-induction	1 participant	0 participant
Perioperative Hypertonsion Episodes Hypertensive episode:After intubation	6 participant	0 participant
Perioperative Hypertonsion Episodes Hypertensive episode:Intra-operative	6 participant	5 participant
Perioperative Hypertonsion Episodes Hypertensive episode:After extubation	14 participant	5 participant

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal placebo The weights of 41 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number13	65 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number14	49 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number15	60 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number21	59 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number22	57 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number39	69 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number41	47 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number42	61 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number43	50 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number45	40 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number47	55 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number64	54 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number68	47 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number69	51 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number70	60 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number1	54 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number4	67 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number8	80 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number12	80 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number16	55 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number17	73 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number19	59 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number20	71.5 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number23	55 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number26	59 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number27	53 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number30	45 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number32	53 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number34	58 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number35	78 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number37	65 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number48	51 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number49	50 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number51	71 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number54	69 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number55	79 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number60	60 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number73	60 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number77	57 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number78	61 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number81	78 kg	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine The weights of 40 adult patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number7	64 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number9	62 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number11	53 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number18	59 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number24	54 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number25	65 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number28	68 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number29	58 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number31	78 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number33	53 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number36	75 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number38	75 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number40	59 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number2	61 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number3	50 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number5	58 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number6	52 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number10	56 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number44	73 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number46	56 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number50	46 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number52	54 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number53	47.5 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number56	75 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number57	80 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number58	69 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number59	57 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number61	65 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number62	58 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number63	60 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number65	45 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number66	52 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number67	45 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number71	52 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number72	52 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number74	58 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number75	60 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number76	50 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number79	60 kg	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number80	72 kg	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal placebo The heights of 41 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number30	168 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number32	160 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number34	162 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number35	165 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number37	170 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number39	161 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number41	160 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number42	154 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number43	157 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number45	150 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number47	156 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number51	173 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number54	169 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number55	165 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number60	162 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number64	155 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number1	163 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number4	171 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number8	177 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number12	170 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number13	168 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number14	155 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number15	160 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number16	165 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number17	165 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number19	163 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number20	162 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number21	157 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number22	160 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number23	159 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number26	157 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number27	168 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number48	155 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number49	160 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number68	155 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number69	164 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number70	163 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number73	162 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number77	160 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number78	154 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number81	172 cm	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine The heights of 40 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number80	173 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number9	150 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number10	170 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number11	158 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number18	160 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number24	165 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number25	167 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number28	170 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number29	160 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number31	167 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number33	150 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number36	162 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number38	170 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number40	160 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number44	157 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number46	160 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number50	150 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number52	151 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number53	160 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number56	176 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number57	165 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number58	172 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number59	152 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number61	174 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number62	156 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number65	154 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number66	155 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number67	156 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number71	157 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number72	157 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number74	167 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number75	167 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number76	161 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number79	174 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number2	163 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number3	155 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number5	182 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number6	169 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number7	160 cm	—
Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number63	167 cm	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline characteristics (sex)of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine The sex of 81 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Baseline Characteristics (Sex)of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine Male	16 participants	13 participants
Baseline Characteristics (Sex)of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine Female	24 participants	28 participants

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine. ASA I: No organic, physiologic, biochemical or psychiatric disturbance ASA II: A patient with mild systemic disease that results in no functional limitation. ASA III: A patient with severe systemic disease that results in functional impairment. ASA IV: Severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life. ASA V: Moribund condition in a patient who is not expected to survive with or without the operation. ASA VI: Declared brain death patient whose organs are being harvested for transplantation.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Baseline Characteristics (ASA Status) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine ASA I	36 participant	38 participant
Baseline Characteristics (ASA Status) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine ASA II	4 participant	3 participant
Baseline Characteristics (ASA Status) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine ASA III	0 participant	0 participant
Baseline Characteristics (ASA Status) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine ASA IV	0 participant	0 participant
Baseline Characteristics (ASA Status) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine ASA V	0 participant	0 participant
Baseline Characteristics (ASA Status) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine ASA VI	0 participant	0 participant

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Duration from intranasal drug administration to arrival at operating room of patients receiving intranasal placebo surgical data of patients receiving intranasal placebo

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number1	50 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number4	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number8	60 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number12	30 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number14	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number15	65 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number16	75 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number49	0 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number51	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number54	5 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number55	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number60	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number64	27 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number68	50 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number69	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number70	52 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number73	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number77	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number78	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number81	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number13	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number17	78 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number19	35 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number20	60 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number21	60 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number22	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number23	0 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number26	33 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number27	35 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number30	0 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number32	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number34	35 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number35	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number37	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number39	55 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number41	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number42	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number43	18 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number45	15 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number47	30 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number48	35 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine surgical data of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number2	100 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number3	35 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number5	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number6	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number11	35 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number18	95 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number24	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number25	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number28	30 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number29	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number31	30 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number33	5 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number36	5 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number38	6 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number40	75 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number44	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number46	32 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number50	5 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number52	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number59	25 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number61	60 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number62	50 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number63	62 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number65	44 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number74	60 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number75	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number76	43 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number79	32 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number80	30 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number7	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number9	41 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number10	35 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number53	65 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number56	38 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number57	38 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number58	30 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number66	47 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number67	55 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number71	60 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number72	50 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Duration from intranasal drug administration to anesthesia intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo surgical data of patients receiving intranasal placebo

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number1	60 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number4	77 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number8	96 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number12	48 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number27	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number30	50 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number32	48 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number34	51 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number35	47 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number37	47 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number39	69 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number41	54 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number42	49 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number43	46 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number45	23 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number47	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number48	79 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number49	57 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number51	49 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number54	53 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number55	54 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number60	69 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number64	115 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number68	62 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number69	113 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number70	68 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number73	71 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number77	54 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number78	51 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number81	54 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number13	54 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number14	55 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number15	77 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number16	83 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number17	84 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number19	54 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number20	70 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number21	73 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number22	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number23	48 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number26	45 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of minutes From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine surgical data of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number2	112 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number3	40 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number5	52 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number6	56 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number18	105 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number24	53 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number25	47 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number28	105 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number29	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number31	32 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number33	55 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number36	52 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number62	60 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number63	88 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number65	63 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number66	62 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number67	69 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number71	141 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number72	74 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number74	73 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number75	61 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number76	62 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number79	55 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number80	58 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number7	50 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number9	49 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number10	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number11	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number38	46 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number40	81 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number44	46 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number46	41 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number50	52 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number52	55 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number53	101 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number56	54 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number57	45 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number58	43 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number59	33 minutes	—
Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number61	78 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of anesthesia of patients receiving intranasal placebo Duration from anesthesia intubation to anesthesia ending

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number1	45 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number4	33 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number8	26 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number12	37 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number45	69 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number47	40 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number48	56 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number49	43 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number51	78 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number13	45 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number14	34 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number15	18 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number16	37 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number17	54 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number19	48 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number20	40 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number21	29 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number22	31 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number23	32 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number26	158 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number27	38 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number30	41 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number32	30 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number34	28 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number35	28 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number37	43 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number39	35 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number41	40 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number42	28 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number43	34 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number54	54 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number55	38 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number60	88 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number64	38 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number68	31 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number69	106 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number70	29 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number73	31 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number77	21 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number78	49 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number81	60 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of anesthesia of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine Duration from anesthesia intubation to anesthesia ending

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number5	87 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number6	53 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number7	16 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number31	37 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number33	27 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number36	31 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number2	42 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number3	28 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number9	73 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number10	36 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number11	30 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number18	27 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number24	24 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number25	49 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number28	35 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number29	29 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number38	34 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number40	36 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number44	48 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number46	31 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number50	53 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number52	37 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number53	29 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number56	31 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number57	35 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number58	80 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number59	49 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number61	52 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number62	45 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number63	30 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number65	28 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number66	17 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number67	36 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number71	50 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number72	24 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number74	31 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number75	26 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number76	25 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number79	44 minutes	—
Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number80	72 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of surgery of patients receiving intranasal placebo Duration from surgery beginning to anesthesia ending

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number69	90 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number70	10 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number73	16 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number77	8 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number78	31 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number81	28 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number1	30 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number4	19 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number8	10 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number12	13 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number13	29 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number14	14 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number15	5 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number16	18 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number17	20 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number19	56 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number20	19 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number21	12 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number22	11 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number23	10 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number26	132 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number27	18 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number30	16 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number32	11 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number34	9 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number35	16 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number37	25 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number39	12 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number41	18 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number42	9 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number43	13 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number45	48 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number47	21 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number48	30 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number49	25 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number51	60 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number54	29 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number55	18 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number60	58 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number64	19 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number68	17 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of surgery of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. Duration from surgery beginning to anesthesia ending

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number2	19 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number3	14 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number5	61 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number6	34 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number7	4 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number9	50 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number10	22 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number11	15 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number18	13 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number52	24 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number53	16 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number56	16 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number72	9 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number74	15 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number75	9 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number76	7 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number79	29 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number80	45 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number24	10 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number25	27 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number28	13 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number29	9 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number31	19 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number33	9 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number36	7 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number38	18 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number40	20 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number44	34 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number46	10 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number50	30 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number58	61 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number57	18 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number59	29 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number61	27 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number62	25 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number63	11 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number65	12 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number66	7 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number67	21 minutes	—
Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number71	33 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal placebo Before intranasal drugs Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score) 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking 1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number15	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number16	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number17	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number19	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number20	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number21	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number22	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number23	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number26	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number27	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number30	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number32	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number34	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number35	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number37	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number39	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number41	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number42	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number43	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number45	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number60	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number64	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number73	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number77	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number81	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number78	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number1	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number4	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number8	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number12	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number13	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number14	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number47	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number48	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number49	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number51	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number54	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number55	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number68	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number69	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number70	6 units on a scale	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine Before intranasal drugs Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score) 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking 1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number9	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number2	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number3	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number5	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number6	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number7	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number10	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number11	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number18	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number24	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number25	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number28	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number29	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number31	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number33	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number36	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number38	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number40	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number44	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number46	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number50	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number52	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number53	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number56	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number57	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number58	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number59	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number62	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number63	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number65	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number66	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number67	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number71	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number72	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number74	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number75	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number76	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number79	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number80	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number61	6 units on a scale	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal placebo at Pre-induction. Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score): 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking 1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number1	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number4	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number8	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number12	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number13	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number14	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number15	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number16	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number17	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number19	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number20	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number21	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number34	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number35	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number37	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number39	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number41	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number42	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number43	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number45	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number47	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number48	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number49	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number51	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number54	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number55	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number60	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number64	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number68	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number69	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number70	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number73	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number77	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number78	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number81	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number22	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number23	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number26	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number27	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number30	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number32	6 units on a scale	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction. Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score): 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking 1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number9	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number25	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number28	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number29	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number33	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number38	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number40	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number44	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number46	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number61	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number62	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number63	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number65	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number66	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number67	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number71	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number72	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number74	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number75	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number79	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number80	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number11	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number18	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number24	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number31	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number36	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number50	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number52	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number53	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number56	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number57	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number58	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number59	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number2	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number3	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number5	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number6	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number7	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number76	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number10	5 units on a scale	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal placebo After extubation. Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score) 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking 1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number1	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number4	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number8	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number12	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number13	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number14	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number15	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number16	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number17	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number19	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number20	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number21	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number22	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number23	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number26	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number27	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number30	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number32	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number34	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number35	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number37	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number39	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number41	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number42	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number43	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number68	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number69	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number70	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number73	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number45	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number47	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number48	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number49	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number51	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number54	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number55	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number60	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number64	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number77	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number78	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation Patient number81	6 units on a scale	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine after extubation. Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score): 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking 1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number6	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number25	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number28	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number29	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number31	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number33	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number36	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number44	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number46	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number50	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number52	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number38	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number40	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number53	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number56	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number57	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number58	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number59	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number61	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number62	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number63	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number65	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number66	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number67	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number71	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number72	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number74	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number75	6 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number76	5 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number79	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number80	3 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number2	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number3	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number5	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number7	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number9	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number10	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number11	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number18	4 units on a scale	—
Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation Patient number24	4 units on a scale	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs. The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number1	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number4	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number8	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number12	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number13	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number14	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number15	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number16	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number17	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number19	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number20	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number21	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number22	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number23	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number26	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number27	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number30	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number32	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number34	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number35	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number37	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number39	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number41	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number42	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number43	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number45	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number47	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number48	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number49	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number51	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number54	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number55	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number60	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number64	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number68	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number69	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number70	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number73	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number77	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number78	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number81	2 units on a scale	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs. The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number2	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number3	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number5	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number6	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number7	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number9	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number10	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number11	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number18	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number24	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number25	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number28	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number29	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number31	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number33	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number36	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number38	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number40	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number44	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number46	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number50	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number52	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number53	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number56	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number57	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number58	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number59	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number61	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number62	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number63	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number65	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number66	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number67	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number71	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number72	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number74	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number75	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number76	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number79	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number80	2 units on a scale	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction. The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number1	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number4	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number8	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number12	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number13	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number14	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number15	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number16	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number17	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number19	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number20	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number21	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number22	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number23	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number26	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number27	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number30	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number32	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number34	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number35	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number37	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number39	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number41	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number42	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number43	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number45	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number47	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number48	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number49	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number51	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number54	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number55	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number60	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number64	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number68	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number69	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number70	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number73	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number77	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number78	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction Patient number81	2 units on a scale	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction. The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number25	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number28	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number38	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number40	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number63	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number65	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number66	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number67	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number44	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number46	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number50	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number52	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number2	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number3	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number5	2 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number6	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number7	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number9	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number10	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number11	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number18	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number24	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number29	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number31	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number33	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number36	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number53	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number56	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number57	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number58	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number59	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number61	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number62	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number71	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number72	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number74	4 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number75	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number76	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number79	3 units on a scale	—
Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction Patient number80	3 units on a scale	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Satisfaction scores of patients receiving intranasal placebo. satisfaction was assessed using a 3-point satisfaction score(1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number16	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number81	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number1	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number4	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number8	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number12	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number13	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number14	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number15	3 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number17	3 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number19	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number20	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number21	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number22	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number23	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number26	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number27	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number30	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number32	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number34	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number35	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number37	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number39	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number41	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number42	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number43	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number45	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number47	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number48	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number49	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number51	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number54	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number55	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number60	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number64	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number68	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number69	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number70	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number73	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number77	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number78	1 units on a scale	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Satisfaction scores of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. Satisfaction used a 3-point satisfaction score(1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number2	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number36	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number38	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number57	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number58	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number59	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number61	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number65	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number66	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number3	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number5	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number6	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number7	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number9	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number10	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number11	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number18	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number24	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number25	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number28	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number29	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number31	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number33	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number40	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number44	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number46	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number50	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number52	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number53	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number56	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number62	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number63	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number67	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number71	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number72	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number74	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number75	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number76	1 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number79	2 units on a scale	—
Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number80	2 units on a scale	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Time to spontaneous breathing of patients receiving intranasal placebo. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and adequate ventilation

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number16	10 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number17	9 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number30	13 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number32	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number68	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number69	6 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number1	5 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number4	5 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number8	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number12	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number13	9 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number14	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number15	11 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number19	10 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number20	5 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number21	9 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number22	9 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number23	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number26	15 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number27	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number34	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number35	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number37	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number39	9 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number41	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number42	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number43	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number45	6 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number47	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number48	6 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number49	4 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number51	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number54	3 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number55	15 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number60	5 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number64	11 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number70	4 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number73	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number77	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number78	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number81	7 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Time to spontaneous breathing of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and adequate ventilation

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number2	6 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number3	5 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number5	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number6	6 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number7	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number9	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number10	6 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number11	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number18	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number24	18 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number25	10 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number28	5 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number29	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number31	10 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number33	9 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number36	6 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number38	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number40	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number44	10 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number46	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number50	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number52	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number53	5 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number56	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number57	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number58	6 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number59	9 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number61	6 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number62	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number63	13 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number65	10 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number66	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number67	11 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number71	6 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number72	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number74	8 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number75	5 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number76	11 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number79	7 minutes	—
Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number80	20 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Time to consciousness of patients receiving intranasal placebo. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and consciousness.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number43	15 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number45	13 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number47	10 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number48	8 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number1	9 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number4	10 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number8	9 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number12	8 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number13	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number14	12 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number15	29 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number16	15 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number17	17 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number19	19 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number20	20 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number21	15 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number22	12 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number23	11 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number26	16 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number27	17 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number30	15 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number32	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number34	16 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number35	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number37	12 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number39	15 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number41	16 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number42	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number49	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number51	16 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number54	5 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number55	26 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number60	13 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number64	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number68	11 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number69	12 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number70	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number73	21 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number77	11 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number78	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number81	41 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Time to consciousness of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and consciousness.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number25	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number28	12 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number29	31 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number31	16 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number52	10 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number53	10 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number56	19 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number57	17 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number58	17 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number66	12 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number67	18 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number71	10 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number2	11 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number3	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number5	16 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number6	11 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number7	18 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number9	13 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number10	15 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number11	11 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number18	12 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number24	23 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number33	19 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number36	12 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number38	18 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number40	16 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number44	41 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number46	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number50	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number59	16 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number61	20 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number62	19 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number63	24 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number65	19 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number72	11 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number74	10 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number75	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number76	13 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number79	14 minutes	—
Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number80	25 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Time to extubation of patients receiving intranasal placebo. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and extubation

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number78	17 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number81	46 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number1	11 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number4	12 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number8	10 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number12	10 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number13	16 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number14	14 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number15	35 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number16	17 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number17	19 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number19	21 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number20	22 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number21	17 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number22	14 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number23	12 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number26	16 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number27	17 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number30	18 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number32	16 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number34	19 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number35	18 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number37	14 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number39	17 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number41	18 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number42	16 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number43	16 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number45	18 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number47	12 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number48	9 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number49	16 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number51	20 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number54	8 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number55	29 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number60	15 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number64	15 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number68	13 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number69	14 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number70	16 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number73	26 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Patient number77	13 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Time to extubation of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and extubation

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number2	12 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number40	18 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number44	48 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number76	15 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number79	16 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number3	15 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number5	18 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number6	13 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number7	20 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number9	15 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number10	16 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number11	13 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number18	14 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number24	25 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number25	16 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number28	14 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number29	36 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number31	18 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number33	22 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number36	17 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number38	21 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number46	16 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number50	16 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number52	11 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number53	11 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number56	21 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number57	17 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number58	19 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number59	19 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number61	23 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number62	22 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number63	26 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number65	23 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number66	14 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number67	22 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number71	11 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number72	12 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number74	11 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number75	15 minutes	—
Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Patient number80	30 minutes	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at tracheal intubation. Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a target-controlled infusion (TCI) plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number20	2.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number21	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number22	1.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number23	1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number26	3.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number27	2.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number17	2.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number30	3.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number32	3.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number34	2.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number35	1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number37	2.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number39	3.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number41	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number42	2.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number43	2.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number45	3.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number47	2.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number68	2.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number48	2.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number49	2.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number51	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number54	1.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number55	2.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number60	2.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number64	2.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number1	2.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number4	2.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number8	1.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number12	1.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number13	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number14	3.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number15	1.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number16	2.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number19	4.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number69	2.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number70	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number73	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number77	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number78	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number81	2.3 µg/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at tracheal intubation. Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number6	2.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number50	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number2	1.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number3	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number5	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number7	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number9	2.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number10	1.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number11	1.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number18	1.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number24	2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number25	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number28	2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number29	2.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number31	1.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number33	2.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number36	1.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number38	1.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number40	2.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number44	1.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number46	3.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number52	1.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number53	2.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number56	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number57	2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number58	1.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number59	2.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number61	1.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number62	1.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number63	2.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number65	1.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number66	2.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number67	2.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number71	1.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number72	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number74	2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number75	2.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number76	4.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number79	2.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number80	1.6 µg/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo before inserting operative laryngoscope. Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number1	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number4	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number8	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number12	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number13	2.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number14	4.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number15	3.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number16	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number17	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number19	5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number20	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number21	4.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number22	3.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number23	2.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number26	4.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number27	3.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number30	4.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number32	4.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number34	3.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number35	2.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number37	4.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number39	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number41	4.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number42	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number43	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number45	3.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number47	3.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number48	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number49	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number51	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number54	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number55	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number60	4.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number64	3.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number68	3.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number69	3.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number70	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number73	3.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number77	2.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number78	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number81	3.7 µg/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine before inserting operative laryngoscope. Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number5	4.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number2	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number3	2.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number6	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number7	2.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number9	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number10	2.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number11	2.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number18	2.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number24	3.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number25	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number28	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number29	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number31	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number33	3.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number36	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number38	3.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number40	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number44	2.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number46	4.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number50	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number52	2.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number53	3.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number56	2.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number57	3.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number58	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number59	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number61	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number62	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number63	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number65	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number66	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number67	3.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number71	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number72	4.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number74	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number75	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number76	4.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number79	3.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number80	3 µg/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo on removal of operative laryngoscope. Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number48	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number1	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number4	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number8	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number12	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number13	2.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number14	4.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number15	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number16	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number17	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number19	4.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number20	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number21	4.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number22	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number23	2.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number26	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number27	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number30	4.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number32	5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number34	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number35	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number37	4.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number39	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number41	4.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number42	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number43	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number45	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number47	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number49	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number51	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number54	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number55	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number60	4.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number64	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number68	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number69	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number70	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number73	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number77	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number78	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number81	3.6 µg/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine on removal of operative laryngoscope. Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number2	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number3	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number5	5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number6	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number7	2.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number9	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number10	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number11	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number18	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number24	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number25	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number28	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number29	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number31	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number33	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number36	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number38	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number40	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number44	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number46	4.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number50	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number52	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number53	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number56	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number57	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number58	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number59	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number61	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number62	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number63	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number65	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number66	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number67	4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number71	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number72	4.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number74	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number75	3.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number76	5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number79	3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number80	3 µg/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at return of spontaneous breathing. Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number81	1.9 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number1	2.1 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number4	2.3 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number8	1.7 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number12	1.7 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number13	1 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number14	2.5 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number15	1.2 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number16	1.3 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number17	1.7 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number19	1.9 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number20	2.3 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number21	2.1 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number22	0.7 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number23	1.1 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number26	1.9 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number27	1.8 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number30	1.3 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number32	2.5 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number34	2.1 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number35	1.5 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number37	2.3 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number39	1.7 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number41	2.3 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number42	1.7 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number43	2.1 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number45	2.3 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number47	2.1 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number48	2.3 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number49	2.5 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number51	1.5 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number54	2.5 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number55	0.9 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number60	2.9 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number64	1.3 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number68	1.9 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number69	2.1 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number70	2.3 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number73	1.7 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number77	1.5 ug/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number78	1.9 ug/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at return of spontaneous breathing. Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number50	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number52	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number53	2.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number56	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number57	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number2	1.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number3	2.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number5	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number6	2.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number7	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number9	1.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number10	1.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number11	1.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number18	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number24	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number25	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number28	2.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number29	1.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number31	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number33	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number36	2.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number38	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number40	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number44	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number46	2.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number58	1.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number59	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number61	1.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number62	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number63	1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number65	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number66	1.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number67	1.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number71	1.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number72	2.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number74	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number75	2.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number76	1.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number79	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number80	0.6 µg/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at emergence. Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number35	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number37	1.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number47	1.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number48	1.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number39	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number41	1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number15	0.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number16	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number17	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number19	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number20	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number21	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number22	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number23	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number26	1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number27	1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number30	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number32	1.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number34	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number42	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number43	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number45	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number49	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number51	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number54	2.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number55	0.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number60	1.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number64	1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number68	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number69	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number70	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number73	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number77	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number78	0.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number81	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number1	1.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number4	1.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number8	1.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number12	1.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number13	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number14	1.5 µg/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at emergence. Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number5	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number6	1.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number29	0.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number31	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number50	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number2	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number3	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number7	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number9	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number10	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number11	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number18	1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number24	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number25	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number28	1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number33	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number36	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number38	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number40	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number44	0.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number46	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number52	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number53	1.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number56	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number57	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number58	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number59	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number61	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number62	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number63	0.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number65	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number66	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number67	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number71	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number72	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number74	1.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number75	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number76	1.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number79	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number80	0.5 µg/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at extubation. Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number14	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number15	0.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number19	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number35	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number37	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number41	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number47	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number48	1.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number78	0.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number81	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number1	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number4	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number8	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number12	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number13	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number16	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number17	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number20	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number21	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number22	1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number23	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number26	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number27	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number30	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number32	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number34	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number39	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number42	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number43	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number45	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number49	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number51	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number54	1.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number55	0.4 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number60	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number64	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number68	1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number69	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number70	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number73	0.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number77	0.9 µg/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at extubation. Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number18	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number24	0.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number61	0.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number2	1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number3	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number5	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number6	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number7	0.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number9	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number10	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number11	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number25	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number28	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number29	0.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number31	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number33	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number36	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number38	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number40	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number44	0.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number46	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number50	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number52	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number53	1.3 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number56	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number57	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number58	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number59	0.7 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number62	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number63	0.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number65	0.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number66	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number67	0.6 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number71	1.1 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number72	1.5 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number74	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number75	0.9 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number76	1.2 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number79	0.8 µg/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number80	0.4 µg/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at tracheal intubation. Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number4	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number14	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number1	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number8	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number12	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number13	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number15	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number16	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number17	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number19	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number20	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number21	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number22	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number23	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number26	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number27	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number30	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number32	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number34	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number35	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number37	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number39	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number41	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number42	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number43	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number45	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number47	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number48	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number49	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number51	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number54	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number55	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number60	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number64	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number68	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number69	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number70	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number73	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number77	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number81	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation Patient number78	3 ng/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at tracheal intubation. Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number2	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number3	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number11	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number44	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number5	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number6	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number7	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number9	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number10	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number18	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number24	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number25	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number28	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number29	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number31	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number33	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number36	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number38	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number40	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number46	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number50	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number52	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number53	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number56	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number57	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number58	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number59	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number61	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number62	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number63	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number65	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number66	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number67	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number71	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number72	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number74	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number75	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number76	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number79	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation Patient number80	3 ng/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo before inserting operative laryngoscope. Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number48	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number73	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number1	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number4	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number8	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number12	3.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number13	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number14	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number15	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number16	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number17	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number19	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number20	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number21	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number22	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number23	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number26	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number27	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number30	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number32	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number34	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number35	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number37	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number39	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number41	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number42	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number43	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number45	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number47	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number49	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number51	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number54	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number55	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number60	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number64	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number68	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number69	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number70	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number77	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number78	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number81	2.5 ng/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine before inserting operative laryngoscope. Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number5	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number33	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number36	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number46	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number50	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number67	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number71	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number2	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number3	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number6	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number7	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number9	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number10	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number11	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number18	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number24	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number25	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number28	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number29	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number31	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number38	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number40	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number44	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number52	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number53	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number56	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number57	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number58	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number59	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number61	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number62	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number63	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number65	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number66	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number72	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number74	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number75	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number76	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number79	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope Patient number80	2 ng/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo on removal of operative laryngoscope. Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number30	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number45	3.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number73	4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number54	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number55	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number60	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number64	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number68	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number69	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number70	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number77	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number78	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number81	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number1	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number4	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number8	4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number12	5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number13	4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number14	5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number15	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number16	4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number17	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number19	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number20	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number21	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number22	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number23	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number26	4.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number27	4.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number32	4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number34	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number35	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number37	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number39	4.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number41	5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number42	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number43	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number47	5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number48	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number49	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number51	3.5 ng/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine on removal of operative laryngoscope. Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number53	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number29	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number65	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number71	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number2	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number3	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number5	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number6	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number7	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number9	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number10	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number11	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number18	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number24	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number25	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number28	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number31	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number33	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number36	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number38	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number52	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number40	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number44	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number46	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number50	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number56	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number57	2.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number58	4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number59	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number61	4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number62	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number63	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number66	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number67	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number72	3.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number74	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number75	3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number76	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number79	2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope Patient number80	2 ng/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at return of spontaneous breathing. Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number19	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number20	0.98 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number1	0.98 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number4	1.03 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number8	1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number12	1.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number13	0.8 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number14	1.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number15	0.27 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number16	0.7 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number17	0.35 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number21	0.35 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number22	0.54 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number23	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number26	0.8 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number27	0.7 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number30	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number32	0.9 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number34	0.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number35	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number37	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number39	1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number41	1.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number42	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number43	0.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number45	1.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number47	1.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number48	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number49	1.28 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number51	0.78 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number54	1.4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number55	0.16 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number60	1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number64	0.41 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number68	0.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number69	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number70	1.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number73	0.9 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number77	0.4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number78	0.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number81	0.8 ng/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at return of spontaneous breathing. Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number10	0.83 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number29	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number40	0.4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number46	0.71 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number52	0.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number62	0.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number2	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number3	0.7 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number5	0.56 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number6	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number7	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number9	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number11	0.4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number18	0.75 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number24	0.18 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number25	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number28	0.7 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number31	0.47 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number33	0.35 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number36	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number38	0.4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number44	0.47 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number50	0.75 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number56	0.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number57	0.56 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number58	1.28 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number59	0.35 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number61	1.28 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number63	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number65	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number66	0.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number67	0.41 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number71	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number72	0.78 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number74	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number75	1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number76	0.27 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number79	0.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing Patient number80	0.09 ng/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at emergence. Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number54	0.98 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number1	0.54 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number4	0.47 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number8	0.8 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number12	1.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number13	0.4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number14	0.7 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number15	0.04 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number16	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number17	0.13 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number19	0.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number20	0.14 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number21	0.16 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number22	0.37 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number23	0.41 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number26	0.4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number27	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number30	0.16 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number32	0.4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number34	0.14 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number35	0.29 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number37	0.37 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number39	0.4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number41	0.4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number42	0.28 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number43	0.16 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number45	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number47	0.8 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number48	0.4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number49	0.28 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number51	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number55	0.04 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number60	0.32 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number64	0.29 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number68	0.27 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number69	0.24 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number70	0.29 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number73	0.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number77	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number78	0.02 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence Patient number81	0.34 ng/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at emergence. Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number6	0.27 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number74	0.47 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number75	0.28 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number5	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number2	0.27 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number3	0.18 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number7	0.18 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number9	0.32 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number10	0.23 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number11	0.27 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number18	0.37 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number24	0.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number25	0.18 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number28	0.24 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number29	0.04 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number31	0.23 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number33	0.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number36	0.24 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number38	0.11 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number40	0.14 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number44	0.02 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number46	0.29 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number50	0.28 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number52	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number53	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number56	0.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number57	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number58	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number59	0.14 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number61	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number62	0.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number63	0.06 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number65	0.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number66	0.24 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number67	0.18 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number71	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number72	0.4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number76	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number79	0.18 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence Patient number80	0.05 ng/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at extubation. Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number64	0.26 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number77	0.16 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number78	0.02 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number81	0.26 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number1	0.41 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number4	0.37 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number8	0.7 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number12	0.8 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number13	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number14	0.5 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number15	0.03 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number16	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number17	0.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number19	0.08 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number20	0.11 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number21	0.13 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number22	0.29 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number23	0.37 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number26	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number27	0.22 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number30	0.11 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number32	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number34	0.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number35	0.18 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number37	0.29 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number39	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number41	0.3 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number42	0.23 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number43	0.14 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number45	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number47	0.7 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number48	0.35 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number49	0.23 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number51	0.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number54	0.6 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number55	0.04 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number60	0.26 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number68	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number69	0.14 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number70	0.23 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation Patient number73	0.1 ng/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at extubation. Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number59	0.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number2	0.24 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number3	0.16 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number5	0.16 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number6	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number7	0.14 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number9	0.29 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number14	0.23 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number11	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number18	0.28 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number24	0.08 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number25	0.14 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number28	0.18 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number29	0.03 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number31	0.18 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number33	0.07 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number36	0.13 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number38	0.08 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number40	0.11 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number44	0.01 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number46	0.23 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number50	0.23 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number52	0.27 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number53	0.27 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number56	0.08 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number57	0.17 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number58	0.2 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number61	0.1 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number62	0.07 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number63	0.04 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number65	0.06 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number66	0.18 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number67	0.11 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number71	0.27 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number72	0.4 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number74	0.41 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number75	0.26 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number76	0.16 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number79	0.14 ng/ml	—
Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation Patient number80	0.04 ng/ml	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the placebo group Before Intranasal Drugs HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number37	75 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number39	75 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number1	65 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number4	77 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number8	61 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number12	80 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number13	67 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number14	75 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number15	55 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number16	65 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number17	78 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number19	57 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number20	76 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number21	85 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number22	69 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number23	71 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number26	75 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number27	65 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number30	100 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number32	83 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number34	55 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number35	72 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number41	120 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number42	59 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number43	89 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number45	90 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number47	74 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number48	63 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number49	88 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number51	56 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number54	75 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number55	63 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number60	82 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number64	80 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number68	65 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number69	63 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number70	64 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number73	65 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number77	63 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number78	55 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number81	72 bpm	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the dexmedetomidine group Before Intranasal Drugs . HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number33	90 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number36	73 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number38	58 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number40	66 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number44	80 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number46	85 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number50	71 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number52	79 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number53	69 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number56	75 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number57	76 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number58	61 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number59	70 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number61	55 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number62	97 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number63	68 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number65	65 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number66	65 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number67	67 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number71	80 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number72	55 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number74	62 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number75	69 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number76	80 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number79	55 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number80	69 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number2	73 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number3	68 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number5	80 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number6	80 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number7	67 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number9	70 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number10	69 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number11	70 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number18	75 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number24	80 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number25	75 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number28	87 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs Patient number29	73 bpm	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the placebo group at pre-induction. HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number26	78 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number1	76 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number4	85 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number8	63 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number12	80 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number13	53 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number14	79 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number15	62 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number16	72 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number17	70 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number19	59 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number20	74 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number21	73 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number22	90 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number23	82 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number27	61 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number30	92 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number32	85 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number34	54 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number35	66 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number37	75 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number39	60 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number41	94 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number42	72 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number43	85 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number45	87 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number47	81 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number48	61 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number49	72 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number51	53 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number54	70 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number55	72 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number60	78 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number64	75 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number68	70 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number69	69 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number70	62 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number73	69 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number77	66 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number78	55 bpm	—
HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction Patient number81	72 bpm	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the dexmedetomidine group at pre-induction. HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number2	62 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number3	62 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number5	93 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number6	70 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number7	53 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number9	75 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number10	62 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number11	55 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number18	59 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number24	68 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number25	60 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number28	88 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number29	66 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number31	64 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number33	69 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number36	61 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number38	48 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number40	55 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number44	76 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number46	80 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number50	70 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number52	72 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number53	64 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number56	68 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number57	63 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number58	54 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number59	54 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number61	63 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number62	83 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number63	73 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number65	68 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number66	66 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number67	61 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number71	53 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number72	64 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number74	55 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number75	67 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number76	71 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number79	62 bpm	—
HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction Patient number80	65 bpm	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Patients with postoperative analgesia in two groups. analgesic requests within 2 h after extubation were recorded. An investigator who was blinded from the grouping asked the patients to mark their pain level on a 0-100 visual analogue scale (VAS). A VAS higher than 50 was considered a worse outcome and need to be treated with intravenous 40 mg of parecoxib.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Number of Participants With VAS >50	5 Number of Participants with VAS >50	15 Number of Participants with VAS >50

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With postoperative nausea in Two Groups. Nausea or vomiting was treated with 4 mg of intravenous ondansetron.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Patients With Postoperative Nausea in Two Groups	1 participants	3 participants

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With postoperative vomiting in Two Groups. Nausea or vomiting was treated with 4 mg of intravenous ondansetron.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Patients With Postoperative Vomiting in Two Groups	0 participants	1 participants

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With postoperative shivering in Two Groups. the occurrence of postoperative shivering

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Patients With Postoperative Shivering in Two Groups	1 participants	4 participants

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With intra-operative awareness in Two Groups. patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 Participants intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Patients With Intra-operative Awareness in Two Groups	0 participants	0 participants

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

An investigator who was blinded from the grouping asked the patients to mark their pain level on a 0-100 visual analogue scale (VAS). A VAS higher than 50 was considered a worse outcome and need to be treated with intravenous 40 mg of parecoxib.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=41 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number1	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number4	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number8	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number12	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number13	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number14	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number15	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number16	0 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number17	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number19	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number20	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number21	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number22	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number23	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number26	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number27	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number30	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number32	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number34	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number35	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number37	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number39	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number41	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number42	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number43	0 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number45	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number47	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number48	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number49	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number51	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number54	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number55	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number60	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number64	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number68	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number69	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number70	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number73	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number77	0 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number78	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group Patient number81	20 units on a scale	—

OTHER_PRE_SPECIFIED outcome

Timeframe: 1 day

An investigator who was blinded from the grouping asked the patients to mark their pain level on a 0-100 visual analogue scale (VAS). A VAS higher than 50 was considered a worse outcome and need to be treated with intravenous 40 mg of parecoxib.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 Participants intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number65	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number66	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number67	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number71	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number72	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number74	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number2	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number3	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number5	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number6	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number7	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number9	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number10	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number11	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number18	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number24	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number25	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number28	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number29	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number31	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number33	0 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number36	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number38	0 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number40	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number44	80 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number46	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number50	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number52	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number53	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number56	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number57	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number58	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number59	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number61	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number62	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number63	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number75	0 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number76	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number79	20 units on a scale	—
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group Patient number80	20 units on a scale	—

Adverse Events

Dexmedetomidine

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 20 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Placebo

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 34 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Serious adverse events
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 participants at risk intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 participants at risk intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Cardiac disorders Number of patients with persisted hypotension	0.00% 0/40 • 1 day	0.00% 0/41 • 1 day
Cardiac disorders Number of patients with persisted bradycardia	0.00% 0/40 • 1 day	0.00% 0/41 • 1 day
Nervous system disorders intraoperative awareness	0.00% 0/40 • 1 day	0.00% 0/41 • 1 day

Other adverse events

Other adverse events
Measure	Dexmedetomidine n=40 participants at risk intranasal dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine: intranasal dexmedetomidine 1μg.kg-1，0.9% saline was added to make a final volume of 1 mL.all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.	Placebo n=41 participants at risk intranasal saline placebo: 0.9% saline 1 mL all patients received intranasal medication at approximately 45-60 min before induction of anesthesia.
Cardiac disorders Episodes of hypertension	22.5% 9/40 • Number of events 9 • 1 day	39.0% 16/41 • Number of events 16 • 1 day
Cardiac disorders Episodes of hypotension	2.5% 1/40 • Number of events 1 • 1 day	0.00% 0/41 • 1 day
Cardiac disorders Episodes of tachycardia	17.5% 7/40 • Number of events 7 • 1 day	48.8% 20/41 • Number of events 20 • 1 day
Cardiac disorders Episodes of bradycardia	20.0% 8/40 • Number of events 8 • 1 day	24.4% 10/41 • Number of events 10 • 1 day
Reproductive system and breast disorders Episodes of Respiratory depression	12.5% 5/40 • Number of events 5 • 1 day	26.8% 11/41 • Number of events 11 • 1 day

Additional Information

Dr. Xiangcai Ruan

Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College

Phone: +8620-81048306

Email: [email protected]

Results disclosure agreements

Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
Publication restrictions are in place