Effectiveness of the Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Military Recruits

NCT ID: NCT02079701

Last Updated: 2014-03-06

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: PHASE4
• Total Enrollment: 152723 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2000-10-31
• Study Completion Date: 2007-06-30

Brief Summary

The primary objective is to determine the clinical benefit of employing the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine among US military trainees. Secondary objectives include:

• determining the etiology of clinical pneumonia among U.S. military trainees;
• comparing the serotype distribution of S. pneumoniae (Sp) isolates recovered from vaccinated and nonvaccinated trainees diagnosed with pneumonia; and
• comparing days lost from training due to pneumonia or acute respiratory disease for vaccinated and nonvaccinated subjects.

Detailed Description

Study participants. Given their documented high rates of respiratory illness, US military trainees were selected for participation. A sample size of 166,744 person-years was calculated based on the following assumptions: 12% attrition from military training, clinical pneumonia attack rate of 11 cases per 1000 person-years, 20% of captured pneumonias caused by Sp, 90% of captured Sp pneumonias caused by a vaccine-covered Sp strain, and 70% vaccine efficacy.

Enrollment and follow-up. This study was approved by multiple Department of Defense (DoD) institutional review boards. Using an informed consent process, basic training recruits at 5 recruit training centers (in South Carolina, Missouri, Illinois, and California) were invited to participate during their first week of training. Pregnancy screening was performed on all women, and those with positive results were not enrolled. Exclusion criteria included having previously received the a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine during the previous 5 years or having a medical condition that either required or precluded pneumococcal vaccination. Study participants completed a study questionnaire and were administered a pre-packaged, blinded, and randomized injection containing either the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine (Wyeth Pharmaceuticals or Merck & Company, Inc.) or saline in a 1:1 ratio. Study injections were administered at the same time as other recruit in-processing vaccinations, which may have included vaccines against polio, measles-mumps-rubella, varicella, tetanus-diphtheria, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, meningococcal disease (A/C/Y/W135), and influenza. At the end of recruit training, a questionnaire was administered to capture symptoms and signs of illnesses which might have been missed captured by the active and passive surveillance.

As enrollment continued for more than two years, the person-year contributions of those first enrolled were greater than those enrolled near the trial's end. The original planned surveillance period was 1.7 years. This was later extended to 6.7 years from enrollment of the first participant, for continued monitoring of impact in this large double-blinded trial.

Specimen collection. During the active surveillance period, study participants with suspect pneumonia were identified by the attending physician. Study personnel obtained three throat swabs, blood cultures (aerobic and anaerobic), sputum sample (if producible), and acute serum samples from participants. Attempts were made to also capture a convalescent serum sample 2 weeks after the acute presentation on all radiographically-confirmed pneumonia cases. These attempts were not always successful. Barriers included: trainee discharge from military service, difficulty in obtaining access to the recruits when they were in field exercises, and recruits graduating and moving to new duty stations.

Laboratory methods. Specimens collected from study participants were examined using classic, molecular, and serologic laboratory methods at the Naval Health Research Center (NHRC) Respiratory Disease Laboratory, a College of American Pathologist (CAP) accredited laboratory.

NHRC isolated adenovirus, influenza, parainfluenza, and respiratory syncytial virus from pharyngeal swabs using fluorescent antibody antigen tests. Adenovirus and influenza isolates were typed using standard viral identification techniques.

Sputum specimens were inoculated for Sp culture using standard techniques. When Sp species were identified, capsular serotyping was performed, and standard antimicrobial sensitivities were assessed. Paired acute and convalescent sera were assessed for IgM and IgG titers to pneumolysin. Sera were tested with an enzyme immunoassay using a procedure such as described by Kalin, M, et al.

For Chlamydophila pneumoniae polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study, throat swabs were collected from patients diagnosed with pneumonia, immediately placed in Chlamydia transport media, and transported on ice. The throat swabs were used in a direct PCR method, such as the procedure described by Campbell et al. Amplification products were analyzed by electrophoresis through a 1.5% agarose gel by standard methods. Sample preparation, PCR amplification, and analysis of amplification products were performed in separate rooms.

To assess M. pneumoniae, a throat swab was collected and immediately placed into 2.0 ml of M. pneumoniae transport media (SP-4 broth). Culturing, sub-culturing, and molecular testing was performed as per previously published protocols.

Capturing disease outcomes. Outcome measures included any cause pneumonia, any cause respiratory disease, recruit training clinical pneumonia (radiographically-confirmed during the recruit training period), or days lost from training. Active surveillance was conducted for radiographically-confirmed pneumonias only during the recruit training period (Marines-12 weeks, Navy-8 weeks, Army-9 weeks). Passive electronic monitoring of health care encounters for outcomes other than recruit training clinical pneumonia took place during recruit training and at the subsequent duty stations using the DoD comprehensive electronic databases of outpatient healthcare encounters (SADR), inpatient encounters (SIDR), and encounters at civilian facilities billed to the DoD (HCSR). ICD-9-CM codes 480 through -486 and 487 were monitored for these outcomes throughout the entire study period. Meningitis cases (ICD-9-CM codes 320 through -320.2, 320.9, and 322.9) were also captured through these electronic databases.

Statistical analysis. After descriptive investigation of population characteristics, univariate analyses were performed to assess the significance of associations between demographic variables with acute respiratory infection, pneumonia, and radiographically-confirmed pneumonia.

Active surveillance time was calculated from the participant's enrollment date to the projected completion of training, or diagnosis with radiographically-confirmed pneumonia. Passive surveillance was calculated from the date of enrollment to June 01 2007, diagnosis with pneumonia or acute respiratory infection, or separation from active duty service, whichever occurred first.

Using regression diagnostics, collinearity among variables was investigated. Cox's proportional hazard time-to-event modeling was used to evaluate outcomes among study participants, while adjusting for differences in population characteristics between treatment arms and accounting for different enrollment dates and active and passive surveillance periods. The saturated Cox regression model was reduced by a manual backward stepwise elimination approach removing those variables that were insignificant at α = 0.05 level and not confounding the other measures of association. Additionally, cumulative probabilities of outcomes from enrollments through end of follow-up periods were graphed. Statistical modeling to produce adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was performed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software (Version 9.0, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina).

Crude vaccine effectiveness measures for each outcome were calculated for all participants and for each branch of service using a 1-relative risk x 100% estimate.

Days lost from training were estimated using a survey administered at the end of training to a convenience sample of 71,692 study participants. Differences between treatment arms were evaluated using ANOVA.

Conditions

Pneumonia; Acute Respiratory Disease

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: TRIPLE

Study Groups

23-valent pneumococcal vaccine

single dose, 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine, 0.5ml, intramuscular (IM)

Group Type: EXPERIMENTAL

23-valent pneumococcal vaccine

Intervention Type: BIOLOGICAL

randomization, based upon a random-number (block design) double-blind enrollment sequence. 1:1 ratio.

placebo

0.5 ml injectible saline, IM

Group Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR

Placebo

Intervention Type: BIOLOGICAL

Interventions

23-valent pneumococcal vaccine

randomization, based upon a random-number (block design) double-blind enrollment sequence. 1:1 ratio.

Intervention Type: BIOLOGICAL

Placebo

Intervention Type: BIOLOGICAL

Other Intervention Names

Pnu-Imune; Pneumovax 23

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• basic training recruits at 5 recruit training centers (in South Carolina, Missouri, Illinois, and California) were invited to participate during their first week of training from Oct 2000 through Jun 2003

Exclusion Criteria

• positive pregnancy results
• having previously received the a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine during the previous 5 years or
• having a medical condition that either required or precluded pneumococcal vaccination

• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Sponsors

U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command

FED

Sponsor Role: collaborator

Naval Health Research Center

FED

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Kevin Russell

Director, Respiratory Disease Laboratory (at that time)

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Kevin L Russell, MD, MTM&H

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Naval Health Research Center

Locations

Marine Recruit Training Center

San Diego, California, United States

Naval Recruit Training Center

Great Lakes, Illinois, United States

Army Recruit Training Center

Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, United States

Army Recruit Training Center

Fort Jackson, South Carolina, United States

Marine Recruit Training Center

Parris Island, South Carolina, United States

Countries

United States

References

Plouffe JF, Breiman RF, Facklam RR. Bacteremia with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Implications for therapy and prevention. Franklin County Pneumonia Study Group. JAMA. 1996 Jan 17;275(3):194-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.275.3.194.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 8604171 (View on PubMed)

Gray GC, Mitchell BS, Tueller JE, Cross ER, Amundson DE. Pneumonia hospitalizations in the US Navy and Marine Corps: rates and risk factors for 6,522 admissions, 1981-1991. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Apr 15;139(8):793-802. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117076.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 8178792 (View on PubMed)

McMillan A, Pattman RS. Evaluation of urethral culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the routine investigation of men attending a STD clinic. Br J Vener Dis. 1979 Aug;55(4):271-3. doi: 10.1136/sti.55.4.271.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 114197 (View on PubMed)

Gray GC, Callahan JD, Hawksworth AW, Fisher CA, Gaydos JC. Respiratory diseases among U.S. military personnel: countering emerging threats. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999 May-Jun;5(3):379-85. doi: 10.3201/eid0503.990308.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 10341174 (View on PubMed)

Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA, Meffe F, Sankey SS, Weissfeld LA, Detsky AS, Kapoor WN. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Dec 12-26;154(23):2666-77. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1994.00420230051007.

Reference Type: BACKGROUND

PMID: 7993150 (View on PubMed)

Russell KL, Baker CI, Hansen C, Poland GA, Ryan MA, Merrill MM, Gray GC. Lack of effectiveness of the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine in reducing all-cause pneumonias among healthy young military recruits: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Vaccine. 2015 Feb 25;33(9):1182-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.058. Epub 2015 Jan 8.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 25579777 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

DAMD17-00-2-0013

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id