Study Results
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
10863 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2014-01-31
2014-10-31
Brief Summary
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Detailed Description
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1. First, it investigates the efficacy of two different happiness interventions in increasing feelings of happiness in the Flemish general population using a wait-list controlled design.
2. Second, this study aims to identify predictors of response in both interventions ("what works for whom?")
Methods
Design and procedure
* Participants will be contacted through social media and directed to a website that is specifically designed for this study.
* All participants who register for the study first will electronically sign an informed consent and will be asked to complete a brief battery of questionnaires online (base line measures) before randomization.
* Participants then are assigned randomly using a block-randomized design to one of the three conditions using a computerized algorithm:
1. a condition in which daily small and concrete happiness tips are sent to participants during one month via email (n=400)
2. a condition in which weekly more in-depth happiness tips with a (doing and experiencing) task are given during one month via email (n=400)
3. a wait-list condition (1 month); these participants will be subsequently (after the end of the 4-week intervention) randomized to condition (a) or (b) (n=400) using a block-randomized design.
* All participants will be assessed weekly during the intervention (see below) and followed-up 6 months after the end of the study.
Measures
Participants will complete a detailed demographic questionnaire.
Primary outcome measures:
* Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS; Lyubomirsky \& Lepper, 1999)
* Steen Happiness Inventory (SHI; Seligman, Steen, Park, \& Peterson, 2005)
Secondary outcome measures
* Positive and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS; Watson, Clark, \& Tellegen, 1988)
* Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer, \& Williams, 2001)
* Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS; Tennant et al., 2007)
* Brief Symptom Inventory (Korte KlachtenLijst; KKL; Lange, \& Appelo, 2007)
Predictors of outcome
* Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ; Steger, Frazier, Oishi, \& Kaler, 2006)
* Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, D'Afflitti, \& Quinlan, 1976)
* Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R, Fraley, Waller, \& Brennan, 2000)
* Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness (KIMS; Baer, Smith, \& Allen, 2004)
* Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS; Bagby, Parker, \& Taylor, 1994)
Data analyses
Repeated measures Anova and multilevel modeling will be used to assess differences between the three conditions in primary and secondary outcomes at the end of the intervention and at follow-up. Regression analyses and growth curve modeling will be used to examine the effects of the predictors on primary and secondary outcomes.
Conditions
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Keywords
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
TREATMENT
SINGLE
Study Groups
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Weekly tips
Daily small and concrete happiness tips
Weekly tips
Participants in this condition receive weekly a more in-depth tip to increase feelings of happiness involving a (doing and experiencing) task
Daily Tips
Weekly more in-depth happiness tips involving an active (doing and experiencing) task
Daily Tips
Participants in this condition receive daily a set of small tips aimed at increasing happiness
Wait-List Control
No intervention
No interventions assigned to this group
Interventions
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Weekly tips
Participants in this condition receive weekly a more in-depth tip to increase feelings of happiness involving a (doing and experiencing) task
Daily Tips
Participants in this condition receive daily a set of small tips aimed at increasing happiness
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* at least 18 years of age
Exclusion Criteria
* living outside of Flanders
18 Years
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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Universitaire Ziekenhuizen KU Leuven
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Principal Investigators
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Patrick Luyten, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
KULeuven, Belgium
Mia Leijssen, PhD
Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
KULeuven, Belgium
Sara Casalin, PhD
Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
KULeuven, Belgium
Jessie Dezutter, PhD
Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
KULeuven, Belgium
Locations
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Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences
Leuven, , Belgium
Countries
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References
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Seligman ME, Steen TA, Park N, Peterson C. Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. Am Psychol. 2005 Jul-Aug;60(5):410-21. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137-155.
Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988 Jun;54(6):1063-70. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
Blatt SJ, D'Afflitti JP, Quinlan DM. Experiences of depression in normal young adults. J Abnorm Psychol. 1976 Aug;85(4):383-9. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.85.4.383. No abstract available.
Fraley RC, Waller NG, Brennan KA. An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000 Feb;78(2):350-65. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.78.2.350.
Bagby RM, Parker JD, Taylor GJ. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale--I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. J Psychosom Res. 1994 Jan;38(1):23-32. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1.
Tennant R, Hiller L, Fishwick R, Platt S, Joseph S, Weich S, Parkinson J, Secker J, Stewart-Brown S. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007 Nov 27;5:63. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-5-63.
Lange, A., & Appelo, M. (2007). Handleiding Korte Klachten Lijst (KKL) [Manual for the Brief Symptom Inventory]. Houten, The Netherlands: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
Baer RA, Smith GT, Allen KB. Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: the Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment. 2004 Sep;11(3):191-206. doi: 10.1177/1073191104268029.
Other Identifiers
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HAP-FLA
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id