DeHydration: Assessing Kids Accurately

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Total Enrollment

1396 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2014-02-28

Study Completion Date

2015-06-30

Brief Summary

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Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children worldwide, and accurately assessing dehydration status remains a crucial step in preventing morbidity and mortality from this disease. While children with severe dehydration require immediate treatment with intravenous fluids, children with mild to moderate dehydration have a significant reduction in hospital length of stay and fewer adverse events when treated with relatively inexpensive oral rehydration solution (ORS). While several clinical scales have been developed for assessing dehydration in children, these scales have never been prospectively validated in a low-income country setting, where the vast majority of diarrhea morbidity and mortality occurs in children.

The investigators hypothesize that new clinical and ultrasound-based tools will improve the diagnosis of severe dehydration in children with diarrhea in low-income countries, reducing the morbidity and mortality that occurs as a result of under-diagnosis of severe dehydration as well as the adverse events and inappropriate utilization of scarce resources that occurs as a result of over-diagnosis of severe dehydration.

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Detailed Description

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Background:

Children under five experience 1.7 billion episodes of diarrhea each year, resulting in 36 million cases of severe disease and 700,000 deaths, or 10% of all child deaths worldwide. As the severity of diarrheal disease can vary quite widely in children, accurately assessing dehydration status remains a crucial step in preventing morbidity and mortality. While children with severe dehydration require immediate treatment with intravenous fluids to prevent hemodynamic compromise, organ ischemia, and death, children with mild to moderate dehydration have a significant reduction in hospital length of stay and fewer adverse events when treated with relatively inexpensive oral rehydration solution (ORS). The World Health Organization (WHO), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) recommend separating children with acute diarrhea into three groups to determine management based on the presence or absence of various clinical signs: no dehydration (\<3%), some dehydration (3-9%), and severe dehydration (\>9%). These authorities recommend treating children with some dehydration with ORS and limiting IV hydration to children with severe dehydration, in order to prevent the inappropriate utilization of scarce hospital resources and the adverse events associated with a more liberal use of IV hydration in children. However, no clinical prediction model for severe dehydration has ever been empirically derived and validated in a developing world setting, where the vast majority of diarrheal deaths occur in children each year.

Study Objectives:

As part of this study, the investigators will derive a new clinical prediction rule for severe dehydration in children with diarrhea in the developing world. In addition, the investigators will validate and assess the reliability of ultrasound of the inferior vena cava (IVC) for predicting severe dehydration in children with diarrhea. Finally, the investigators will compare the accuracy of each of these new diagnostic tools to that of the WHO scale, the current standard for assessing dehydration in most low-income countries.

Study Design:

The investigators will enroll a prospective cohort of children under five admitted with diarrhea and dehydration to the Dhaka Hospital of the International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). Research staff will identify eligible children on arrival and obtain informed consent from their guardian. Children will be weighed on arrival and assessed clinically for the presence or absence of signs of dehydration. A brief ultrasound of the IVC will also be performed. Children will then be rehydrated according to standard hospital protocols, with their weight checked regularly until they achieve a stable, post-hydration weight. Greater than 9% difference between admission weight and stable weight (or post-illness weight) will be considered the gold standard for severe dehydration, against which the investigators will determine the accuracy of our new clinical and ultrasound-based assessment tools.

Ethical Protection of Human Subjects:

Children enrolled are very unlikely to be exposed to any additional risks or discomforts, either mental or physical, as a result of participating in this study. Study procedures will include physical exam and ultrasound, neither of which will expose children to increased harm, and study procedures will not delay any immediately necessary care, such as IV fluids. All data collected will be kept strictly confidential in a password-protected database. In addition to obtaining ethical approval from the Lifespan Institutional Review Board (IRB), the investigators have also already obtained approval from the ICDDR,B Ethical Review Committee.

Conditions

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Severe Dehydration

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

COHORT

Study Time Perspective

PROSPECTIVE

Study Groups

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Derivation Cohort

The derivation cohort includes patients enrolled in the first phase of the study, from February 2014 to June 2014. All children enrolled in this study will receive the same interventions, which include collection of regular weights to establish percent weight change with rehydration, clinical assessment of dehydration status, and ultrasound of the IVC and aorta.

Serial Weights

Intervention Type OTHER

We will collect serial weights on all children enrolled in this study.

IVC/Aorta Ultrasound

Intervention Type OTHER

We will perform an ultrasound assessment of the IVC and Aorta size in each child enrolled.

Clinical Assessment

Intervention Type OTHER

We will perform a clinical assessment of dehydration status in each child enrolled in the study, as well as collect data on mid-upper arm circumference, length, symptoms and demographic information.

Validation Cohort

The validation cohort includes patients enrolled in the second phase of the study, from March 2015 to May 2015. All children enrolled in this study will receive the same interventions, which include collection of regular weights to establish percent weight change with rehydration, clinical assessment of dehydration status, and ultrasound of the IVC and aorta.

Serial Weights

Intervention Type OTHER

We will collect serial weights on all children enrolled in this study.

Clinical Assessment

Intervention Type OTHER

We will perform a clinical assessment of dehydration status in each child enrolled in the study, as well as collect data on mid-upper arm circumference, length, symptoms and demographic information.

Interventions

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Serial Weights

We will collect serial weights on all children enrolled in this study.

Intervention Type OTHER

IVC/Aorta Ultrasound

We will perform an ultrasound assessment of the IVC and Aorta size in each child enrolled.

Intervention Type OTHER

Clinical Assessment

We will perform a clinical assessment of dehydration status in each child enrolled in the study, as well as collect data on mid-upper arm circumference, length, symptoms and demographic information.

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

1. Age 5 years (60 months) or younger
2. History of diarrhoea (defined as 3 or more loose stools per day)
3. Children observed in the rehydration ward

Exclusion Criteria

1. Chronic diarrhoea (greater than 2 week duration)
2. Clear alternative diagnosis to gastroenteritis on presentation
3. Previously enroled in this research study

Minimum Eligible Age

1 Month

Maximum Eligible Age

60 Months

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No