Use of Baxter Animated Retching Faces (BARF) Scale to Measure Nausea in Children Who Speak Spanish

Study Results

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Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Total Enrollment

193 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2014-01-31

Study Completion Date

2018-09-07

Brief Summary

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Pediatric research in the management of nausea has been limited by the absence of a reliable method to quantify the intensity of this subjective symptom. In adults, the visual analog scale (VAS) is an accurate tool, but this has not been shown to be reliable in young children. A scale is a series of points made on a line that will be used for measurement; a mark on the far left of the line shows little pain and the mark on the far right means alot of pain.

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Detailed Description

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By default the most common objective outcome measure used in pediatric studies has been the incidence and number of emetic episodes. This measure, however, correlates poorly with the somatic subjective symptom of nausea. Apfel et al have shown that 30-40% of adult patients undergoing surgery have post discharge nausea and / or vomiting while 12% have vomiting. These data on nausea in adults were based on a visual analog scale for nausea. There are no data on the incidence of postoperative nausea in children since the severity of symptoms are difficult to measure as younger children are known to be unable to use the VAS reliably. Recently a pictorial scale for measuring nausea, the Baxter Animated Retching Faces (BARF) scale, has been developed and shown to have construct, content and convergent validity as an instrument to measure nausea in children. This was a two center study that was limited to children who could speak English. The clinical usefulness of this scale in determining the incidence of postoperative and post-discharge nausea in children has yet to be determined including the lowest age where it can be used reliably, the score associated with a patient's perception of a need for treatment, the minimum change in the scores of clinical relevance and the test-retest reliability when nausea is rated as not having changed. The score has also not been validated in children who speak Spanish. This study is designed to provide the missing information and will specifically look at the Spanish speaking population.

Conditions

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Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

COHORT

Study Time Perspective

PROSPECTIVE

Study Groups

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Nausea measurement by VAS and BARF

All patients will be asked to rate their nausea on both the VAS and the BARF scales. For the nausea scales, the script would be: "Have you thrown up or felt like you were going to throw up before? How did your tummy feel then? We call that feeling of being sick to the stomach as nausea.

For the BARF scale:These faces show children who feel no nausea at all, who feel a little bit nauseated, who feel even more nauseated, and these are children who have the most nausea it is possible to feel." (Point to the each face at the appropriate time). Which face is more like you feel right now?" For the VAS scale: On this line the far left indicates "No nausea" and the far right" Worst nausea ever." Can you show me on this line how much nausea you have right now?

No interventions assigned to this group

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* (1) Spanish speaking children (2) Age \> 7 years but below 18 years (3) Elective surgery (4) American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1-3 (Free from major concurrent disorders) (5) Free from nausea and / or vomiting in the previous 24 hours (6) Cognitive and communicative ability to rate the intensity of symptoms as described below.

Exclusion Criteria

* (1) Inability to understand or speak Spanish (2) Developmental delay (3) Blindness (4) Impaired cognitive or communicative abilities including inability to rate the intensity of symptoms (5) Surgical procedure where vision or hearing is anticipated to be impaired in the immediate postoperative period (6) Nausea and /or vomiting within 24 hours of procedure, (7) Patient or parental refusal to participate (8) Pregnant females

Minimum Eligible Age

7 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

17 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes