Trial Outcomes & Findings for Comparison of Intranasal Kovacaine Mist, and Placebo for Anesthetizing Maxillary Teeth in Pediatric Patients (NCT NCT01844830)

NCT ID: NCT01844830

Last Updated: 2017-08-30

Results Overview

If the participant does not have sufficient anesthesia to complete the Study Dental Procedure, the participant is given a rescue injection of local anesthetic and is considered a failure for this outcome.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

PHASE3

Target enrollment

90 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

100µL dose - at 10 minutes, +3 minute window; for subjects who receive the 200µL or 400µL dose - at 15 minutes, +3 minute window

Results posted on

2017-08-30

Participant Flow

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Overall Study
STARTED
60
30
Overall Study
100 µL Dose
16
8
Overall Study
200 µL Dose
24
12
Overall Study
400 µL Dose
20
10
Overall Study
COMPLETED
59
30
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
1
0

Reasons for withdrawal

Reasons for withdrawal
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Overall Study
Withdrawal by Subject
1
0

Baseline Characteristics

Comparison of Intranasal Kovacaine Mist, and Placebo for Anesthetizing Maxillary Teeth in Pediatric Patients

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=60 Participants
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 Participants
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Total
n=90 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous
8.3 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.2 • n=5 Participants
8.1 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.8 • n=7 Participants
8.2 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.1 • n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Female
28 Participants
n=5 Participants
16 Participants
n=7 Participants
44 Participants
n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male
Male
32 Participants
n=5 Participants
14 Participants
n=7 Participants
46 Participants
n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
28 Participants
n=5 Participants
13 Participants
n=7 Participants
41 Participants
n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
32 Participants
n=5 Participants
17 Participants
n=7 Participants
49 Participants
n=5 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
1 Participants
n=7 Participants
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
1 Participants
n=7 Participants
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
1 Participants
n=7 Participants
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
54 Participants
n=5 Participants
26 Participants
n=7 Participants
80 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
1 Participants
n=7 Participants
3 Participants
n=5 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 100µL dose - at 10 minutes, +3 minute window; for subjects who receive the 200µL or 400µL dose - at 15 minutes, +3 minute window

If the participant does not have sufficient anesthesia to complete the Study Dental Procedure, the participant is given a rescue injection of local anesthetic and is considered a failure for this outcome.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=60 Participants
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 Participants
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Number of Participants Who Completed the Study Dental Procedure Without Need for Rescue by Injection of Local Anesthetic.
46 Participants
16 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 100µL dose - at 10 minutes, +3 minute window; for subjects who receive the 200µL or 400µL dose - at 15 minutes, +3 minute window

Population: Subjects were in only 1 of 3 dosage cohort. Either 100 µL, 200 µL, or 400 µL.

If the participant does not have sufficient anesthesia to complete the Study Dental Procedure, the participant is given a rescue injection of local anesthetic and is considered a failure for this outcome.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=60 Participants
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 Participants
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Number of Participants Who Completed the Study Dental Procedure Without Need for Rescue by Injection of Local Anesthetic.by Dosage Cohort.
100 µL
14 Participants
7 Participants
Number of Participants Who Completed the Study Dental Procedure Without Need for Rescue by Injection of Local Anesthetic.by Dosage Cohort.
200 µL
14 Participants
5 Participants
Number of Participants Who Completed the Study Dental Procedure Without Need for Rescue by Injection of Local Anesthetic.by Dosage Cohort.
400 µL
18 Participants
4 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 100µL dose - at 10 minutes, +3 minute window; for subjects who receive the 200µL or 400µL dose - at 15 minutes, +3 minute window

Population: Patients are grouped by age

If the participant does not have sufficient anesthesia to complete the Study Dental Procedure, the participant is given a rescue injection of local anesthetic and is considered a failure for this outcome.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=60 Participants
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 Participants
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Number of Participants Who Completed the Study Dental Procedure Without Need for Rescue by Injection of Local Anesthetic. by Age Group (3-5, 6-11, and 12-17 Years Old, Inclusive).
3 to 5 years
17 Participants
8 Participants
Number of Participants Who Completed the Study Dental Procedure Without Need for Rescue by Injection of Local Anesthetic. by Age Group (3-5, 6-11, and 12-17 Years Old, Inclusive).
6 to 11 years
14 Participants
6 Participants
Number of Participants Who Completed the Study Dental Procedure Without Need for Rescue by Injection of Local Anesthetic. by Age Group (3-5, 6-11, and 12-17 Years Old, Inclusive).
12 to 17 years
15 Participants
2 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: from baseline to 24 hours following drug administration

Population: Patients grouped by dosage cohort

Patients with AEs

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=60 Participants
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 Participants
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Incidence of Adverse Events (AEs) by Dosage Cohort
100 µL
12 Count of participants
6 Count of participants
Incidence of Adverse Events (AEs) by Dosage Cohort
200 µL
22 Count of participants
9 Count of participants
Incidence of Adverse Events (AEs) by Dosage Cohort
400 µL
15 Count of participants
7 Count of participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: from baseline to 24 hours following drug administration

Population: Patients group by age

Patients with AEs

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=60 Participants
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 Participants
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Incidence of Adverse Events (AEs) by Age Group
3 to 5 years
17 Count of participants
7 Count of participants
Incidence of Adverse Events (AEs) by Age Group
6 to 11 years
19 Count of participants
11 Count of participants
Incidence of Adverse Events (AEs) by Age Group
12 to 17 years
13 Count of participants
4 Count of participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 120 minutes post drug administration

The investigators evaluated the treatment naris for patency and ulcerations. Patency was evaluated as followed: The nostril not used for dosing study drug was manually occluded and the subject was asked to sniff gently. Airflow in the naris was used to determine if it was patent (yes) or not (no). For ulcers, the investigators performed a visual examination for the presence of ulcers and recorded if they were present (yes) or not (no).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=60 Participants
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 Participants
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Results of Naris Examination (NE) - Patency and Ulcerations
Patency (yes)
59 Participants
30 Participants
Results of Naris Examination (NE) - Patency and Ulcerations
Ulcerations (yes)
0 Participants
0 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: from baseline to 24 hours following drug administration

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=60 Participants
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 Participants
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Maximum Change From Baseline in Heart Rate
5.6 bpm
Standard Deviation 9.09
6.9 bpm
Standard Deviation 9.99

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: from baseline to 24 hours following drug administration

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=60 Participants
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 Participants
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Maximum Change From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure
5.4 mmHg
Standard Deviation 8.78
1.0 mmHg
Standard Deviation 8.70

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: from baseline to 24 hours following drug administration

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=60 Participants
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 Participants
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Maximum Change From Baseline in Diastolic Blood Pressure
8.3 mmHg
Standard Deviation 8.11
2.4 mmHg
Standard Deviation 7.09

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 120 minutes post drug administration

The investigators performed a visual inspection and evaluated the treatment naris for color of the mucosa. The investigator determined what color (Pink, Slightly Red, Red) best matched and recorded the results.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=59 Participants
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 Participants
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Results of Naris Examination (NE) - Color
Pink
52 Participants
25 Participants
Results of Naris Examination (NE) - Color
Slightly Red
6 Participants
5 Participants
Results of Naris Examination (NE) - Color
Red
1 Participants
0 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 120 minutes post drug administration

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=59 Participants
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 Participants
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Results of Naris Examination (NE) - Inflammation
No Inflammation
57 Participants
29 Participants
Results of Naris Examination (NE) - Inflammation
Slight Inflammation
2 Participants
1 Participants
Results of Naris Examination (NE) - Inflammation
Inflammation
0 Participants
0 Participants

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 120 minutes post drug administration

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=59 Participants
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 Participants
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Results of Naris Examination (NE) - Bleeding
None
57 Participants
29 Participants
Results of Naris Examination (NE) - Bleeding
Slight / Minor
2 Participants
1 Participants
Results of Naris Examination (NE) - Bleeding
Significant / Major
0 Participants
0 Participants

Adverse Events

Kovacaine Mist

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 40 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Placebo

Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 18 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Other adverse events
Measure
Kovacaine Mist
n=60 participants at risk
Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05% - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Tetracaine HCl 3% and Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%: Intranasally administered regional anesthetic
Placebo
n=30 participants at risk
Placebo - Subjects weighing more than 10kg and less than 20kg, will receive 1 spray of 100µL; Subjects weighing more than 20kg and less than 40kg, will receive 2 sprays of 100µL (200µL total); subjects weighting more than 40kg will receive 2 sprays of 200µL (400µL total); Placebo: Inactive ingredients supplied in identical nasal sprayer
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Nasal congestion
25.0%
15/60
10.0%
3/30
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Rhinorrhoea
25.0%
15/60
3.3%
1/30
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Nasal discomfort
13.3%
8/60
10.0%
3/30
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Rhinalgia
10.0%
6/60
10.0%
3/30
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Sneezing
10.0%
6/60
6.7%
2/30
Nervous system disorders
Headache
5.0%
3/60
3.3%
1/30
Eye disorders
Lacrimation increased
28.3%
17/60
20.0%
6/30
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Pharyngeal Hypoaesthesia
5.0%
3/60
0.00%
0/30
General disorders
Injection Site Pain
11.7%
7/60
23.3%
7/30
General disorders
Injection Site Anaesthesia
6.7%
4/60
26.7%
8/30

Additional Information

Yiming Li, DDS

Loma Linda University

Phone: 909-558-4600

Results disclosure agreements

  • Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
  • Publication restrictions are in place