Trial Outcomes & Findings for Neurofeedback and Working Memory Training for Children and Adolescents With ADHD (NCT NCT01841151)
NCT ID: NCT01841151
Last Updated: 2025-08-07
Results Overview
Presented below are the within-group differences from baseline to 6-month follow up, for the ADHD-index of the Conners-3. Positive numbers indicate symptom improvements. \*The ADHD-index raw score can range from 0-20, with higher score indicating greater symptom severity. The Reliable Change Index (RCI) is 2.88.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
202 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
Up to seven months
Results posted on
2025-08-07
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
SCP Training
Neurofeedback 1 (NF1) Slow Cortical Potential (SCP) training
SCP training
|
Live Z-score Training
Neurofeedback 2 (NF2) Live Z-score training (LZT)
Live Z-score training
|
WM Training
Working Memory training (WMt)
WM training
|
Waiting-list
Treatment as usual only
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
51
|
50
|
51
|
50
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
43
|
46
|
42
|
49
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
8
|
4
|
9
|
1
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
SCP Training
n=51 Participants
Neurofeedback 1 (NF1) Slow Cortical Potential (SCP) training
SCP training
|
Live Z-score Training
n=50 Participants
Neurofeedback 2 (NF2) Live Z-score training (LZT)
Live Z-score training
|
WM Training
n=51 Participants
Working Memory training (WMt)
WM training
|
Waiting-list
n=50 Participants
Treatment as usual only
|
Total
n=202 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
Range
|
12.35 years
n=51 Participants
|
12.41 years
n=50 Participants
|
12.61 years
n=51 Participants
|
12.21 years
n=50 Participants
|
12.40 years
n=202 Participants
|
|
Age, Customized
Mean (Sd)
|
12.35 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.65 • n=51 Participants
|
12.41 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.30 • n=50 Participants
|
12.61 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.74 • n=51 Participants
|
12.21 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.41 • n=50 Participants
|
12.40 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.51 • n=202 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
13 Participants
n=51 Participants
|
13 Participants
n=50 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=51 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=50 Participants
|
49 Participants
n=202 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
38 Participants
n=51 Participants
|
37 Participants
n=50 Participants
|
42 Participants
n=51 Participants
|
36 Participants
n=50 Participants
|
153 Participants
n=202 Participants
|
|
Race and Ethnicity Not Collected
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
0 Participants
Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.
|
|
Symptom Severity - Conners3 ADHD-index
Conners-3 Self-rating
|
69.24 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.15 • n=51 Participants
|
67.12 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.15 • n=50 Participants
|
72.26 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.67 • n=51 Participants
|
70.06 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.79 • n=50 Participants
|
69.67 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.94 • n=202 Participants
|
|
Symptom Severity - Conners3 ADHD-index
Conners-3 Parent-rating
|
80.51 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.91 • n=51 Participants
|
82.84 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.16 • n=50 Participants
|
81.32 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.85 • n=51 Participants
|
82.84 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.91 • n=50 Participants
|
81.86 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.82 • n=202 Participants
|
|
Symptom Severity - Conners3 ADHD-index
Conners-3 Teacher-rating
|
62.76 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.37 • n=51 Participants
|
65.83 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.88 • n=50 Participants
|
64.27 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.47 • n=51 Participants
|
66.67 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.61 • n=50 Participants
|
64.92 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.55 • n=202 Participants
|
|
Symptom Severity (Range)
Self-Rating
|
67 units on a scale
n=51 Participants
|
62.5 units on a scale
n=50 Participants
|
72.5 units on a scale
n=51 Participants
|
72 units on a scale
n=50 Participants
|
69 units on a scale
n=202 Participants
|
|
Symptom Severity (Range)
Parent-Rating
|
89 units on a scale
n=51 Participants
|
88.5 units on a scale
n=50 Participants
|
89 units on a scale
n=51 Participants
|
89 units on a scale
n=50 Participants
|
89 units on a scale
n=202 Participants
|
|
Symptom Severity (Range)
Teacher-Rating
|
59 units on a scale
n=51 Participants
|
65 units on a scale
n=50 Participants
|
65 units on a scale
n=51 Participants
|
67 units on a scale
n=50 Participants
|
64 units on a scale
n=202 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Up to seven monthsPresented below are the within-group differences from baseline to 6-month follow up, for the ADHD-index of the Conners-3. Positive numbers indicate symptom improvements. \*The ADHD-index raw score can range from 0-20, with higher score indicating greater symptom severity. The Reliable Change Index (RCI) is 2.88.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
SCP Training
n=51 Participants
Neurofeedback 1 (NF1) Slow Cortical Potential (SCP) training
SCP training
|
Live Z-score Training
n=50 Participants
Neurofeedback 2 (NF2) Live Z-score training (LZT)
Live Z-score training
|
WM Training
n=51 Participants
Working Memory training (WMt)
WM training
|
Waiting-list
n=50 Participants
Treatment as usual only
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Conners 3 ADHD-index
Conners3-ADHD-index Self-rating
|
1.21 score on a scale
Interval 0.12 to 2.29
|
1.37 score on a scale
Interval 0.26 to 2.47
|
1.44 score on a scale
Interval 0.53 to 2.36
|
0.78 score on a scale
Interval -0.13 to 1.7
|
|
Conners 3 ADHD-index
Conners3-ADHD-index Parent-rating
|
1.81 score on a scale
Interval 0.48 to 3.14
|
2.26 score on a scale
Interval 0.75 to 3.78
|
2.22 score on a scale
Interval 1.07 to 3.37
|
0.60 score on a scale
Interval -0.47 to 1.67
|
|
Conners 3 ADHD-index
Conners3-ADHD-index Teacher-rating
|
1.32 score on a scale
Interval -0.28 to 2.93
|
3.37 score on a scale
Interval 1.78 to 4.95
|
2.80 score on a scale
Interval 1.06 to 4.54
|
-0.66 score on a scale
Interval -2.12 to 0.79
|
Adverse Events
SCP Training
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Live Z-score Training
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
WM Training
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Waiting-list
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place