Trial Outcomes & Findings for Testing a Community-Friendly Risk Reduction Intervention for Injection Drug Users (NCT NCT01741350)

Results Overview

Participants' HIV risk reduction skills were assessed by having participants demonstrate the steps necessary to properly clean a needle/syringe.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

NA

Target enrollment

304 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

Baseline

Results posted on

2014-02-27

Participant Flow

A total of 648 participants were screened from March 2007 through August 2010 from a methadone maintenance program in New Haven, Connecticut.

292 participants did not meet the study's inclusion criteria, 36 participants missed the initial interview appointment, and 16 participants were ineligible due to already being enrolled in another study.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	CHRP Group Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Study Intervention STARTED	149	155
Study Intervention COMPLETED	149	155
Study Intervention NOT COMPLETED	0	0
Post Intervention Assessment (at Week 4) STARTED	149	155
Post Intervention Assessment (at Week 4) COMPLETED	135	141
Post Intervention Assessment (at Week 4) NOT COMPLETED	14	14
3-Month Follow-up Assessment STARTED	135	141
3-Month Follow-up Assessment COMPLETED	129	119
3-Month Follow-up Assessment NOT COMPLETED	6	22
6-Month Follow-up Assessment STARTED	129	119
6-Month Follow-up Assessment COMPLETED	114	111
6-Month Follow-up Assessment NOT COMPLETED	15	8
12-Month Follow-up Assessment STARTED	114	111
12-Month Follow-up Assessment COMPLETED	111	109
12-Month Follow-up Assessment NOT COMPLETED	3	2

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Testing a Community-Friendly Risk Reduction Intervention for Injection Drug Users

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	CHRP Group n=149 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=155 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Total n=304 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Categorical <=18 years	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years	149 Participants n=5 Participants	155 Participants n=7 Participants	304 Participants n=5 Participants
Age, Categorical >=65 years	0 Participants n=5 Participants	0 Participants n=7 Participants	0 Participants n=5 Participants
Age, Continuous	34.26 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.939 • n=5 Participants	33.50 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.141 • n=7 Participants	33.87 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.532 • n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	76 Participants n=5 Participants	81 Participants n=7 Participants	157 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	73 Participants n=5 Participants	74 Participants n=7 Participants	147 Participants n=5 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	149 participants n=5 Participants	155 participants n=7 Participants	304 participants n=5 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants' HIV risk reduction skills were assessed by having participants demonstrate the steps necessary to properly clean a needle/syringe.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Demonstrated Drug Risk Reduction Skills (0-100%)	40.60 Percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.99	42.75 Percentage of correct steps Standard Error 2.09

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately Post-Intervention, at 4 weeks

Participants' HIV risk reduction skills were assessed by having participants demonstrate the steps necessary to properly clean a needle/syringe.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Demonstrated Drug Risk Reduction Skills (0-100%)	76.37 Percentage of correct steps Standard Error 2.03	53.11 Percentage of correct steps Standard Error 2.14

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3-month follow up

Participants' HIV risk reduction skills were assessed by having participants demonstrate the steps necessary to properly clean a needle/syringe.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Demonstrated Drug Risk Reduction Skills (0-100%)	69.59 Percentage of correct steps Standard Error 2.04	60.34 Percentage of correct steps Standard Error 2.15

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6-month follow up

Participants' HIV risk reduction skills were assessed by having participants demonstrate the steps necessary to properly clean a needle/syringe.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Demonstrated Drug Risk Reduction Skills (0-100%)	74.12 Percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.97	63.12 Percentage of correct steps Standard Error 2.07

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-month follow up

Participants' HIV risk reduction skills were assessed by having participants demonstrate the steps necessary to properly clean a needle/syringe.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Demonstrated Drug Risk Reduction Skills (0-100%)	72.61 Percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.91	63.63 Percentage of correct steps Standard Error 2.01

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants completed a self-reported assessment that asks about IV-sharing behavior and were assessed on a scale of 0-4, with higher scores indicating safer drug use.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Safer Drug Use (0-4)	3.25 units on a scale Standard Error 0.10	3.39 units on a scale Standard Error 0.10

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately Post-Intervention, at 4 weeks

Participants completed a self-reported assessment that asks about IV-sharing behavior and were assessed on a scale of 0-4, with higher scores indicating safer drug use.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Safer Drug Use (0-4)	3.78 units on a scale Standard Error 0.06	3.79 units on a scale Standard Error 0.06

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3-month follow up

Participants completed a self-reported assessment that asks about IV-sharing behavior and were assessed on a scale of 0-4, with higher scores indicating safer drug use.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Safer Drug Use (0-4)	3.83 units on a scale Standard Error 0.05	3.81 units on a scale Standard Error 0.05

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6-month follow up

Participants completed a self-reported assessment that asks about IV-sharing behavior and were assessed on a scale of 0-4, with higher scores indicating safer drug use.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Safer Drug Use (0-4)	3.84 units on a scale Standard Error 0.05	3.77 units on a scale Standard Error 0.05

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-month follow up

Participants completed a self-reported assessment that asks about IV-sharing behavior and were assessed on a scale of 0-4, with higher scores indicating safer drug use.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=92 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Safer Drug Use (0-4)	3.87 units on a scale Standard Error 0.05	3.85 units on a scale Standard Error 0.05

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants completed an assessment that covers information about drug-related HIV-risk reduction (e.g.,"If an HIV+ person shared needles with another HIV+ person, they don't need to clean the needles") and were rated on a scale of 0 to 1 (higher values representing greater risk reduction knowledge).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=95 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=90 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Drug-related HIV-risk Reduction Knowledge (0-1)	0.96 units on a scale Standard Error 0.02	1.00 units on a scale Standard Error 0.02

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately Post-Intervention, at 4 weeks

Participants completed an assessment that covers information about drug-related HIV-risk reduction (e.g.,"If an HIV+ person shared needles with another HIV+ person, they don't need to clean the needles") and were rated on a scale of 0 to 1 (higher values representing greater risk reduction knowledge).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=95 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=90 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Drug-related HIV-risk Reduction Knowledge (0-1)	1.00 units on a scale Standard Error 0.01	0.98 units on a scale Standard Error 0.01

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3-month follow up

Participants completed an assessment that covers information about drug-related HIV-risk reduction (e.g.,"If an HIV+ person shared needles with another HIV+ person, they don't need to clean the needles") and were rated on a scale of 0 to 1 (higher values representing greater risk reduction knowledge).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=95 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=90 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Drug-related HIV-risk Reduction Knowledge (0-1)	1.00 units on a scale Standard Error 0.01	0.96 units on a scale Standard Error 0.01

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6-month follow up

Participants completed an assessment that covers information about drug-related HIV-risk reduction (e.g.,"If an HIV+ person shared needles with another HIV+ person, they don't need to clean the needles") and were rated on a scale of 0 to 1 (higher values representing greater risk reduction knowledge).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=95 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=90 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Drug-related HIV-risk Reduction Knowledge (0-1)	0.96 units on a scale Standard Error 0.02	0.99 units on a scale Standard Error 0.02

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-month follow up

Participants completed an assessment that covers information about drug-related HIV-risk reduction (e.g.,"If an HIV+ person shared needles with another HIV+ person, they don't need to clean the needles").

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=95 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=90 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Drug-related HIV-risk Reduction Knowledge (0-1)	0.98 units on a scale Standard Error 0.02	0.96 units on a scale Standard Error 0.02

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their personal motivation to reduce HIV risk behavior (e.g., "I plan to always use clean needles if I shoot up drugs during the next six months") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating stronger motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=95 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=90 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Personal Motivation to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.79 units on a scale Standard Error 0.05	4.85 units on a scale Standard Error 0.05

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately Post-Intervention, at 4 weeks

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their personal motivation to reduce HIV risk behavior (e.g., "I plan to always use clean needles if I shoot up drugs during the next six months") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating stronger motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=95 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=90 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Personal Motivation to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.91 units on a scale Standard Error 0.05	4.83 units on a scale Standard Error 0.05

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their personal motivation to reduce HIV risk behavior (e.g., "I plan to always use clean needles if I shoot up drugs during the next six months") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating stronger motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=95 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=90 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Personal Motivation to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.87 units on a scale Standard Error 0.06	4.86 units on a scale Standard Error 0.07

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their personal motivation to reduce HIV risk behavior (e.g., "I plan to always use clean needles if I shoot up drugs during the next six months") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating stronger motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=95 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=90 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Personal Motivation to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.87 units on a scale Standard Error 0.06	4.78 units on a scale Standard Error 0.06

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their personal motivation to reduce HIV risk behavior (e.g., "I plan to always use clean needles if I shoot up drugs during the next six months") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating stronger motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=95 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=90 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Personal Motivation to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.88 units on a scale Standard Error 0.04	4.92 units on a scale Standard Error 0.04

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their social motivation to reduce HIV risk behavior (e.g., "Most people who are important to me think I should always clean my needles before I share them with someone else during the next three months") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating stronger social motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Social Motivation to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.65 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08	4.72 units on a scale Standard Error 0.09

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately Post-Intervention, at 4 weeks

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their social motivation to reduce HIV risk behavior (e.g., "Most people who are important to me think I should always clean my needles before I share them with someone else during the next three months") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating stronger social motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Social Motivation to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.77 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08	4.69 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their social motivation to reduce HIV risk behavior (e.g., "Most people who are important to me think I should always clean my needles before I share them with someone else during the next three months") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating stronger social motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Social Motivation to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.90 units on a scale Standard Error 0.04	4.85 units on a scale Standard Error 0.05

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their social motivation to reduce HIV risk behavior (e.g., "Most people who are important to me think I should always clean my needles before I share them with someone else during the next three months") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating stronger social motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Social Motivation to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.73 units on a scale Standard Error 0.07	4.91 units on a scale Standard Error 0.07

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their social motivation to reduce HIV risk behavior (e.g., "Most people who are important to me think I should always clean my needles before I share them with someone else during the next three months") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating stronger social motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Social Motivation to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.63 units on a scale Standard Error 0.09	4.75 units on a scale Standard Error 0.09

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their self-efficacy about reducing HIV risk behavior (e.g., "How hard would it be for you to always use condoms") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Self-efficacy to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.01 units on a scale Standard Error 0.10	4.00 units on a scale Standard Error 0.11

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately Post-Intervention, at 4 weeks

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their self-efficacy about reducing HIV risk behavior (e.g., "How hard would it be for you to always use condoms") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Self-efficacy to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.41 units on a scale Standard Error 0.05	4.38 units on a scale Standard Error 0.09

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their self-efficacy about reducing HIV risk behavior (e.g., "How hard would it be for you to always use condoms") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Self-efficacy to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.42 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08	4.36 units on a scale Standard Error 0.09

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their self-efficacy about reducing HIV risk behavior (e.g., "How hard would it be for you to always use condoms") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Self-efficacy to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.22 units on a scale Standard Error 0.09	4.45 units on a scale Standard Error 0.10

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their self-efficacy about reducing HIV risk behavior (e.g., "How hard would it be for you to always use condoms") and rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Self-efficacy to Reduce Drug-related HIV-Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.38 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08	4.52 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants' HIV risk reduction behavioral skills were assessed based on the percentage of correct necessary steps demonstrated to properly select and apply a female condom using a replica.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Female Condom Skills (0-100%)	57.60 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.69	59.38 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.78

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately Post-Intervention, at 4 weeks

Participants' HIV risk reduction behavioral skills were assessed based on the percentage of correct necessary steps demonstrated to properly select and apply a female condom using a replica.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Female Condom Skills (0-100%)	82.54 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.25	74.32 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.31

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3-month follow up

Participants' HIV risk reduction behavioral skills were assessed based on the percentage of correct necessary steps demonstrated to properly select and apply a female condom using a replica.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Female Condom Skills (0-100%)	79.29 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.38	79.07 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.45

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6-month follow up

Participants' HIV risk reduction behavioral skills were assessed based on the percentage of correct necessary steps demonstrated to properly select and apply a female condom using a replica.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Female Condom Skills (0-100%)	83.03 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.19	80.86 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.26

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-month follow up

Participants' HIV risk reduction behavioral skills were assessed based on the percentage of correct necessary steps demonstrated to properly select and apply a female condom using a replica.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Female Condom Skills (0-100%)	83.37 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.19	82.19 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.25

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants' HIV risk reduction behavioral skills were assessed based on the percentage of correct necessary steps demonstrated to properly select and apply a male condom using a replica.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Male Condom Skills (0-100%)	71.63 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.35	73.97 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.42

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately Post-Intervention, at 4 weeks

Participants' HIV risk reduction behavioral skills were assessed based on the percentage of correct necessary steps demonstrated to properly select and apply a male condom using a replica.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Male Condom Skills (0-100%)	87.23 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.40	82.71 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.47

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3-month follow up

Participants' HIV risk reduction behavioral skills were assessed based on the percentage of correct necessary steps demonstrated to properly select and apply a male condom using a replica.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Male Condom Skills (0-100%)	85.01 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.22	84.64 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.28

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6-month follow up

Participants' HIV risk reduction behavioral skills were assessed based on the percentage of correct necessary steps demonstrated to properly select and apply a male condom using a replica.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Male Condom Skills (0-100%)	87.51 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.04	87.64 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.09

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-month follow up

Participants' HIV risk reduction behavioral skills were assessed based on the percentage of correct necessary steps demonstrated to properly select and apply a male condom using a replica.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Male Condom Skills (0-100%)	86.70 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.17	85.95 percentage of correct steps Standard Error 1.24

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants were asked: "In the past week, how much of the time did you use a condom or other latex protection when you had oral, anal, or vaginal sex?" and rated on scale of 0 to 4, with indicating greater condom use.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Condom Use (0-4)	3.80 units on a scale Standard Error 0.24	3.56 units on a scale Standard Error 0.26

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately Post-Intervention, at 4 weeks

Participants were asked: "In the past week, how much of the time did you use a condom or other latex protection when you had oral, anal, or vaginal sex?" and rated on scale of 0 to 4, with indicating greater condom use.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Condom Use (0-4)	3.61 units on a scale Standard Error 0.24	3.56 units on a scale Standard Error 0.26

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3-month follow up

Participants were asked: "In the past week, how much of the time did you use a condom or other latex protection when you had oral, anal, or vaginal sex?" and rated on scale of 0 to 4, with indicating greater condom use.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Condom Use (0-4)	3.95 units on a scale Standard Error 0.24	3.75 units on a scale Standard Error 0.25

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6-month follow up

Participants were asked: "In the past week, how much of the time did you use a condom or other latex protection when you had oral, anal, or vaginal sex?" and rated on scale of 0 to 4, with indicating greater condom use.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Condom Use (0-4)	3.65 units on a scale Standard Error 0.24	3.79 units on a scale Standard Error 0.25

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-month follow up

Participants were asked: "In the past week, how much of the time did you use a condom or other latex protection when you had oral, anal, or vaginal sex?" and rated on scale of 0 to 4, with indicating greater condom use.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Condom Use (0-4)	3.73 units on a scale Standard Error 0.24	3.83 units on a scale Standard Error 0.25

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants' knowledge of sex-related HIV-risk reduction was assessed by being asked: "If an HIV positive person only has sex with another HIV positive person, they don't need to use condoms" and rated on a scale of 0 to 1, with a higher score indicating greater HIV-risk reduction knowledge.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Sex-related HIV-risk Reduction Knowledge (0-1)	0.87 units on a scale Standard Error 0.03	0.91 units on a scale Standard Error 0.03

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately Post-Intervention, at 4 weeks

Participants' knowledge of sex-related HIV-risk reduction was assessed by being asked: "If an HIV positive person only has sex with another HIV positive person, they don't need to use condoms" and rated on a scale of 0 to 1, with a higher score indicating greater HIV-risk reduction knowledge.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Sex-related HIV-risk Reduction Knowledge (0-1)	1.00 units on a scale Standard Error 0.02	0.95 units on a scale Standard Error 0.02

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3-month follow up

Participants' knowledge of sex-related HIV-risk reduction was assessed by being asked: "If an HIV positive person only has sex with another HIV positive person, they don't need to use condoms" and rated on a scale of 0 to 1, with a higher score indicating greater HIV-risk reduction knowledge.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Sex-related HIV-risk Reduction Knowledge (0-1)	0.97 units on a scale Standard Error 0.02	0.93 units on a scale Standard Error 0.02

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6-month follow up

Participants' knowledge of sex-related HIV-risk reduction was assessed by being asked: "If an HIV positive person only has sex with another HIV positive person, they don't need to use condoms" and rated on a scale of 0 to 1, with a higher score indicating greater HIV-risk reduction knowledge.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Sex-related HIV-risk Reduction Knowledge (0-1)	0.97 units on a scale Standard Error 0.02	0.95 units on a scale Standard Error 0.02

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-month follow up

Participants' knowledge of sex-related HIV-risk reduction was assessed by being asked: "If an HIV positive person only has sex with another HIV positive person, they don't need to use condoms" and rated on a scale of 0 to 1, with a higher score indicating greater HIV-risk reduction knowledge.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Sex-related HIV-risk Reduction Knowledge (0-1)	0.98 units on a scale Standard Error 0.01	0.99 units on a scale Standard Error 0.01

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their personal motivation to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "Always using condoms during sexual intercourse during the next three months would be good") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating greater personal motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Personal Motivation to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.20 units on a scale Standard Error 0.09	4.26 units on a scale Standard Error 0.09

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately Post-Intervention, at 4 weeks

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their personal motivation to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "Always using condoms during sexual intercourse during the next three months would be good") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating greater personal motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Personal Motivation to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.41 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08	4.24 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their personal motivation to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "Always using condoms during sexual intercourse during the next three months would be good") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating greater personal motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Personal Motivation to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.39 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08	4.24 units on a scale Standard Error 0.09

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their personal motivation to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "Always using condoms during sexual intercourse during the next three months would be good") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating greater personal motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Personal Motivation to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.40 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08	4.29 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their personal motivation to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "Always using condoms during sexual intercourse during the next three months would be good") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating greater personal motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Personal Motivation to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.21 units on a scale Standard Error 0.09	4.22 units on a scale Standard Error 0.09

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their social motivation to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "Most people who are important to me think I should always use condoms during sexual intercourse in the next three months") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating stronger social motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Social Motivation to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.67 units on a scale Standard Error 0.07	4.81 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately Post-Intervention, at 4 weeks

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their social motivation to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "Most people who are important to me think I should always use condoms during sexual intercourse in the next three months") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating stronger social motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Social Motivation to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.73 units on a scale Standard Error 0.07	4.75 units on a scale Standard Error 0.07

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their social motivation to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "Most people who are important to me think I should always use condoms during sexual intercourse in the next three months") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating stronger social motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Social Motivation to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.73 units on a scale Standard Error 0.07	4.71 units on a scale Standard Error 0.07

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their social motivation to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "Most people who are important to me think I should always use condoms during sexual intercourse in the next three months") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating stronger social motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Social Motivation to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.75 units on a scale Standard Error 0.07	4.77 units on a scale Standard Error 0.07

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their social motivation to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "Most people who are important to me think I should always use condoms during sexual intercourse in the next three months") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating stronger social motivation to reduce HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Social Motivation to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.57 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08	4.70 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Baseline

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their self-efficacy about reducing sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "If asked, I am confident I could demonstrate how to use male condom and female condoms correctly") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Self-efficacy to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	3.00 units on a scale Standard Error 0.12	3.09 units on a scale Standard Error 0.13

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: Immediately Post-Intervention, at 4 weeks

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their self-efficacy about reducing sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "If asked, I am confident I could demonstrate how to use male condom and female condoms correctly") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Self-efficacy to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	2.99 units on a scale Standard Error 0.12	3.06 units on a scale Standard Error 0.13

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 3-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their self-efficacy about reducing sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "If asked, I am confident I could demonstrate how to use male condom and female condoms correctly") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Self-efficacy to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	3.02 units on a scale Standard Error 0.12	3.14 units on a scale Standard Error 0.12

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 6-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their self-efficacy about reducing sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "If asked, I am confident I could demonstrate how to use male condom and female condoms correctly") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Self-efficacy to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.75 units on a scale Standard Error 0.07	4.77 units on a scale Standard Error 0.07

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 12-month follow up

Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their self-efficacy about reducing sex-related HIV-risk behavior (e.g., "If asked, I am confident I could demonstrate how to use male condom and female condoms correctly") and were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating greater self-efficacy to reduce sex-related HIV-risk behavior.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	CHRP Group n=97 Participants Patients assigned to Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP) will receive a weekly HIV risk reduction group level intervention led by two facilitators trained and supervised by the PI, a licensed clinical psychologist. The CHRP intervention is a substantially shortened version of the comprehensive Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP)-based interventions that have been identified as demonstrating evidence of effectiveness in two randomized clinical trials. The CHRP, which includes four 50-minute groups (1 group per week), will contain only content that relates explicitly to drug- or sex-related HIV risk reduction. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Community-friendly Health Recovery Program : Four weekly HIV risk-reduction groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).	Control Condition n=92 Participants The time-and-attention-matched control condition for the proposed research will be a time and contact-matched, non-contaminating support group for individuals in recovery modeled after similar groups offered in the community. There will be no overlap between the content of the comparison intervention and experimental intervention although the basic structure will be the same. Thus, each participant will be asked to attend four 50-minute weekly group sessions led by two trained facilitators. Participants in both conditions will receive routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management). Time-and-Attention-Matched Control Condition : Four weekly support groups and routine clinical services (i.e., daily methadone and case management).
Self-efficacy to Reduce Sex-related HIV- Risk Behavior (1-5)	4.57 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08	4.70 units on a scale Standard Error 0.08

Adverse Events

CHRP Group

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Control Condition

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

Dr. Michael M. Copenhaver, Ph.D.

University of Connecticut

Phone: 860 208-3632

Email: [email protected]

Results disclosure agreements

Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
Publication restrictions are in place