EUROpean Pain Audit In Neonates

NCT ID: NCT01694745

Last Updated: 2014-01-23

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Total Enrollment: 6489 participants
• Study Classification: OBSERVATIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2012-10-31
• Study Completion Date: 2013-06-30

Brief Summary

EUROPAIN Survey is an epidemiological study aimed at assessing current clinical practices regarding the use of sedative and analgesic drugs in newborns admitted to NICUs or PICUs in different countries in Europe. This study is conducted as part of the NeoOpiod study.

The main objective of this study is to determine the current clinical practices regarding the use of sedative and analgesic drugs in newborns in intensive units in different countries in Europe. The principal criteria are: the frequency of ventilated neonates receiving sedation and analgesia, the medications used for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates, the length of use of medications administered for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates and similarities and differences in sedation and analgesia practices among European countries.

The secondary objectives are: a) to determine the proportion of neonatal units that have developed and implemented local written guidelines to provide continuous sedation and analgesia in ventilated newborn infants as well as to prevent and treat procedural pain, b) to document the published guidelines for neonatal analgesia and sedation in different European countries and develop consensus for common European standards that can be applied in all medical settings, c) to determine the frequency of use of pain assessment tools in ventilated newborn infants and evaluate their impact on pain management practices and d) to determine practices to assess and prevent withdrawal syndromes.

The EUROPAIN STUDY is observational and therefore it will not interfere with routine practices of participating units. No changes in diagnostic, therapeutic or any managing strategy of patients are imposed by the participation in this study. This epidemiological study will only collect data on clinical practices in each unit. It will include all neonates up to a corrected age of 44 weeks post conception.

The maximum duration of data collection for every included infant is 28 days. Data collection will stop before 28 days if the infant leaves the unit (discharge, death, transfer to another hospital). Data will be entered on a secure web-based questionnaire.

Detailed Description

1.1 Background and rationale The alleviation of pain is a basic and human right regardless of age. Neonates do feel pain and it has been shown that preterm infants are even more vulnerable to pain than older infants. The more vulnerable preterm neonates are precisely those that are more exposed to pain. Neonates admitted to intensive care units, both neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), undergo dozens or even hundreds of painful procedures during their stay. These painful procedures include, for many of the ICU neonates, a tracheal intubation followed by mechanical ventilation. The pain and stress that are induced by mechanical ventilation as well as by repetitive procedures or painful diseases has led medical staff to use sedation and analgesia in neonates admitted to intensive care units. The subjectivity and difficulty inherent to pain measurement in neonates have probably contributed to a wide variety of neonatal sedation and analgesia practices. To date, these practices have been rarely studied.

Why would sedation and analgesia be necessary? Mechanical ventilation is a potentially painful intervention. Adults often describe mechanical ventilation as a painful and anxiety-provoking experience. The main objectives of sedation and analgesia are: reduction of pain, stress and irritability, promotion of blood pressure stability, promotion of ventilator synchrony and improvement of oxygenation. In the long term, reduced stress, as well as reduced fluctuations in oxygenation and blood pressure is believed to minimize the risks of neurological injury and death. However, the use of sedation and analgesia is only conceivable in the respect of the principle that must accompany all medical actions: first, do no harm.

Pain and stress undergone during the neonatal period can have deleterious short-term and long-term consequences. Some of these consequences have been reduced with adequate analgesic treatment. Current data show the necessity to give adequate sedation and analgesia to ventilated neonates.

Statements promoting the use of sedation and analgesia The increased awareness that neonates feel pain, the ethical obligation to treat this pain with analgesics, the growing body of evidence demonstrating that untreated neonatal pain can lead to altered reactivity to pain that persists throughout infancy and childhood as well as the need for a humane management of neonates have lead to the development of International and National Guidelines promoting the use of analgesics in the neonatal population. These Guidelines state that units that provide neonatal care should develop and implement guidelines concerning neonatal pain. However, the existing literature is still conflicting regarding the use of sedation and analgesia for ventilated neonates. Current data indicate that there is insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of opioids in mechanically ventilated newborns and that opioids should be used selectively. Sedation and analgesia in non ventilated babies is extremely rare.

Practices across Europe and USA Data on sedation and analgesia practices in ventilated neonates are very rare. In 1995 the SOPAIN study carried out in the United States showed that factors predicting the use of on-going analgesia and sedation in neonates included: mechanical ventilation, higher gestational age, and male gender. In 2005, the French EPIPPAIN study showed that the rate of continuous sedation and analgesia was 69.6% in ventilated neonates with large variations among centers (16.7% to 90.9%). The most frequently used drugs were midazolam and morphine.

To date, there are no data permitting the comparison of neonatal pain management within the European countries. The availability of these data will enable comparison of practices with state-of-the-art knowledge.

Study Hypothesis

The EUROPAIN study is an epidemiological study that is based on the following hypothesis:

• Most newborn ventilated infants receive continuous sedation and analgesia.
• Non ventilated babies are not sedated.
• Morphine, fentanyl and midazolam are the most frequently drugs used in this setting.
• Infrequent use of validated pain assessment tools to monitor sedation and analgesia occurs in ventilated newborn infants.
• Most units have developed written local guidelines for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates, but huge variability exists among practitioners in the same unit, across different units in the same country, and across different countries in Europe.
• Development, dissemination, and regular updates of common European standards will improve the care and clinical outcomes of ventilated newborn infants.

1.2 Main objective • To determine the current clinical practices regarding the use of sedative and analgesic drugs for ventilated newborns in different countries in Europe.

1.3 Principal criteria

• The frequency of ventilated neonates receiving sedation and analgesia in different European units
• The medications used for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates across Europe.
• The length of use of medications administered for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates
• Similarities and differences in sedation and analgesia practices among European countries

1.4 Secondary objectives and criteria

• To determine the proportion of neonatal units that have developed and implemented local written guidelines to provide continuous sedation and analgesia in ventilated newborn infants as well as to prevent and treat procedural pain.
• To document the published guidelines for neonatal analgesia and sedation in different European countries and develop consensus for common European standards that can be applied in all medical settings.
• To determine the frequency of use of pain assessment tools in ventilated newborn infants and evaluate their impact on pain management practices.
• To determine practices to assess and prevent withdrawal syndromes. Secondary criteria
• Variations across European countries of the proportions of units that have developed and implemented local written guidelines for sedation and analgesia in ventilated neonates
• Identification and description of national guidelines for sedation and analgesia in neonates in all participating countries. Identification of recommended drugs.

1.5 Type of study

• Epidemiological observational study.

1.6 Study plan The EUROPAIN STUDY is observational and therefore it will not interfere with routine practices of participating units. No changes in diagnostic, therapeutic or any managing strategy of patients are imposed by the participation in this study. This epidemiological study will only collect data on clinical practices in each unit.

The inclusion criteria are:

• All neonates up to a corrected age of 44 weeks post conception. That means, for example, that a baby of 40 weeks gestational age can be included up to 28 days (4 weeks) of post natal age or that a baby of 32 weeks gestational age can be included up to 12 weeks of post natal age.

At the unit level

• No modifications of current managing protocols or strategies are required by the participation in the EUROPAIN STUDY. The unit coordinators will only provide data on local protocols to manage procedural pain and sedation and analgesia in neonates as well as on general statistics of the unit. All treatments are authorized for included neonates since this study does not include any intervention
• A nurse and physician coordinator as well as a data quality manager will be designated for each unit.

At the national level

• The country coordinator will provide data on national guidelines to treat or prevent procedural or continuous pain in neonates.

Data collection

• The duration of data collection for every included infant is 28 days. However, data collection will stop before 28 days if the infant leaves the unit (discharge, death, transfer to another hospital).
• Data will be collected on individual data collection forms. These forms include demographic data, modes of respiration, continuous or intermittent sedative, analgesic or neuro-blocking drugs, pain assessment and drug withdrawal practices.
• Paper patient data collection forms are written in English with a subtitled translation in the country language. The web-based databases display questionnaires in the country language.
• The data collection forms will be completed by the unit nurse or physician coordinator or the person that they will designate.
• For each center, the duration of the inclusion period will be one month.
• Data will be entered on a secure web-based questionnaire.

1.7 Justification of number of patients Regarding the number of neonates to include in order to show possible differences in sedation and analgesia practices among the participating European countries, we have considered a scenario where differences are small. Thus, we have chosen an effect size (W) of 0.1. We have also assumed that 15 countries will participate. Using NCSS-PASS 2008 software, we have found that a total sample size of 2303 neonates will achieve 90% power to detect an effect size (W) of 0.1 using a 14 degrees (15 centers) of freedom Chi-Square test with a significance level (alpha) of 0.05. Therefore, we aim at including an average of 154 neonates per participating country.

1.8 Main Actions carried out during the study

• In each country, the National Principal Investigators (NPI) will send invitations to join the study to all level 3 neonatal units of the country. The NPI will then communicate the names, emails and telephone numbers of the units that accept to participate to the EUROPAIN STUDY principal investigators
• The NPI is responsible for the coordination of all units in the country and ensures communication with the EUROPAIN STUDY principal investigators
• The NPI will collect demographic data about the participating country.
• A nurse and physician coordinator as well as a data quality manager will be designated for each unit. The nurse and physician coordinator are responsible for informing all the unit staff about the study.
• The EUROPAIN STUDY principal investigators have prepared a specifically designed web-based database to enter data. Data can be entered directly from the patient's file. A paper copy of this database will be distributed to allow centers that prefer to perform a preliminary entry on paper forms before entering data on the web-based database. The medical coordinator or a person that he (she) will choose will enter the data into these specifically designed databases.
• The physician coordinator will report general statistics of the unit such as number of beds, number of admission, year ventilator-days etc to the Europain study principal investigators.
• Every unit will also report existing local guidelines on sedation and analgesia in ventilated infants, including routines for withdrawal and on the use of pain assessment tools.
• MONITORING PANEL. A monitoring panel will be created to monitor the progress of the study. This panel will ensure communication with all the participating units. This monitoring panel will be constituted by two persons working full-time during the study period. They will be stationed in Paris and working under the responsibility of EUROPAIN STUDY principal investigators.

Conditions

Pain; Analgesia; Sedation; Intesive Care; Intratracheal Ventilation

Study Design

• Observational Model Type: COHORT
• Study Time Perspective: PROSPECTIVE

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• • All neonates up to a corrected age of 44 weeks post conceptional. That means, for example, that an infant born at 40 weeks gestational age can be included up to 28 days (4 weeks) of post natal age or that a baby of 32 weeks gestational age can be included up to 12 weeks of post natal age.

NOTE: Since this is an observational epidemiological study, all eligible infants of the unit during the study period should be included.

• Maximum Eligible Age: 45 Weeks
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

Hôpital Armand Trousseau

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

CARBAJAL

Professor

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Ricardo Carbajal, MD PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Armand Trousseau

Locations

Universitäts-klinik für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde Innsbruck

Innsbruck, , Austria

Landeskran- kenhaus Leoben

Leoben, , Austria

Universitäts-klinik für Kinder und Jugendheilkunde Salzburg

Salzburg, , Austria

Universitäts klinik für Kinder-und Jugenheilkunde Wien

Vienna, , Austria

Universitaire Ziekenhuis Antwerpen

Antwerp, , Belgium

Hôpital Erasme ULB,

Brussels, , Belgium

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tivoli

La Louvière, , Belgium

Centre Hospitalier Régional de la Citadelle

Liège, , Belgium

Neonatal Intensiv Care Unit, Arch. Makarios Hospital

Nicosia, , Cyprus

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tallinn Children's Hospital

Tallinn, , Estonia

Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tartu University Clinics

Tartu, , Estonia

Helsinki University Hospital

Helsinki, , Finland

Kuopio University Hospital

Kuopio, , Finland

Oulu University Hospital

Oulu, , Finland

Tampere University Hospital

Tampere, , Finland

Turku University Hospital

Turku, , Finland

CHR Félix Guyon

Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France

CHU Amiens

Amiens, , France

CHU Angers

Angers, , France

CH Arras

Arras, , France

CH Côte Basque

Bayonne, , France

CHU Besançon

Besançon, , France

CHU Bordeaux

Bordeaux, , France

CHU de Brest

Brest, , France

CHU Caen

Caen, , France

CH Chambéry

Chambéry, , France

CH Cherbourg

Cherbourg, , France

CHU Clermont Ferrand

Clermont-Ferrand, , France

CHU Dijon

Dijon, , France

CH Le Havre

Le Havre, , France

CH Le Mans

Le Mans, , France

CHU Lyon Croix Rousse

Lyon, , France

Hôpital Femme,Mère, enfant

Lyon, , France

Hôpital de la conception - APHM

Marseille, , France

CHU de Montpellier

Montpellier, , France

CHU Nancy

Nancy, , France

CHU Nice

Nice, , France

CHU de Nîmes

Nîmes, , France

CHR Orléans

Orléans, , France

CHU Pau

Pau, , France

CHU Poitiers

Poitiers, , France

CHU Reims

Reims, , France

CHU Rennes

Rennes, , France

CH Rouen

Rouen, , France

Ch Saint Etienne

Saint-Etienne, , France

CHRU de Strasbourg

Strasbourg, , France

CHU Toulouse

Toulouse, , France

CHU Tours

Tours, , France

CH Troyes

Troyes, , France

CH Bretagne Atlantique

Vannes, , France

Klinik fUr Kinder und Jugendliche Sozialstiftung Bamberg

Bamberg, , Germany

Klinikum Coburg

Coburg, , Germany

Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine University Hospital Erlangen

Erlangen, , Germany

Cnopf'sche Kinderklinik

Nuremberg, , Germany

"Gaia" Maternity Hospital

Athens, , Greece

"Lito" Maternity Hospital

Athens, , Greece

"Mitera" General Maternity and Pediatric Clinic

Athens, , Greece

"Rea" Maternity Hospital

Athens, , Greece

Alexandras Hospital general

Athens, , Greece

Children's Hospital "Agia Sophia"

Athens, , Greece

Helena Venilezoy Maternit y Hospital

Athens, , Greece

University Hospital of Heraklion

Heraklion, , Greece

University of Ioannina

Ioannina, , Greece

University of Patras

Pátrai, , Greece

1st Dept of Neonatalogy, Aristole University of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki, , Greece

2nd Dept of Neonatalogy, Aristole University of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki, , Greece

Menn Esy, Hippokratio General Hospital

Thessaloniki, , Greece

TIN Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio

Agrigento, , Italy

UO TIN Neonatologia AOU Sant'Orsola Malpighi

Bologna, , Italy

TIN Bolzano

Bolzano, , Italy

UO TIN e Patologia Neonatale

Camposampiero, , Italy

TIN Como Valduce

Como, , Italy

U.O. di Neonatologia e PatNeo con T.I. - Istituti Ospitalieri

Cremona, , Italy

Ospedale Careggi

Florence, , Italy

Patologia Neonatale Lodi

Lodi, , Italy

IN Ospedale Macedonio Melloni Milano-AO Fatebenefratellied Oftalmico

Milan, , Italy

TIN Centro IRCSS Ca Granda-Policlinico Osp.Maggiore Mangiagalli LI

Milan, , Italy

TIN Modena

Modena, , Italy

TIN/Neonatologia- fondazione MBBM- H San Gerardo

Monza, , Italy

TIN E Patologia Neonatale Dip. di Salute della donna e del bambino- Università di Padova

Padua, , Italy

UTIN Perugia

Perugia, , Italy

UO Neonatologia Santa Chiara

Pisa, , Italy

TIN A.O.Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli

Reggio Calabria, , Italy

Azienda Ospedaliera ASMN, Reggio Emilia

Reggio Emilia, , Italy

NICU Rimini

Rimini, , Italy

TIN Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù

Roma, , Italy

TIN Ospedale San Pietro FBF

Roma, , Italy

Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Sassari

Sassari, , Italy

Ospedale Maria Vittoria, Torino

Torino, , Italy

UO Neonatologia e TIN Ospedale Santa Chiara

Trento, , Italy

UO TIN e Patologia Neonatale

Treviso, , Italy

Patologia Neonatale Ospedale S.M.Misericordia

Udine, , Italy

Terapia Intensiva Neonatale e Pediatrica

Verona, , Italy

U.O.Patologia e Terapia Intensiva Neonatale AOUI Borgo Roma

Verona, , Italy

TIN Ospedale San Bortolo

Vicenza, , Italy

Department of Neonatology Lithuanian University of Health Sciences,

Kaunas, , Lithuania

Mater Dei Hospital, Triq Dun Karm

Msida, , Malta

Academic medical Center Amsterdam - Emma Children's Hospital

Amsterdam, , Netherlands

ErasmusMC - Sophia Childrens Hospital

Rotterdam, , Netherlands

University Hospital Utrecht - Wilhelmina Children's Hospital

Utrecht, , Netherlands

Maxima Medical Center Veldhoven

Veldhoven, , Netherlands

Isala Clinics Zwolle - Amalia Children's Hospital

Zwolle, , Netherlands

Aalesund Hospital

Ålesund, , Norway

Haukeland University Hospital

Bergen, , Norway

Nordland Hospital

Bodø, , Norway

Vestre Viken Hospital

Drammen, , Norway

Ostfold Hospital

Fredrikstad, , Norway

Haugesund Hospital

Haugesund, , Norway

Sorlandet Hospital

Kristiansand, , Norway

Sykehuset Innlandet Lillehammer

Lillehammer, , Norway

Akershus University Hospital

Lørenskog, , Norway

Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet

Oslo, , Norway

Oslo University Hospital - Ullevaal

Oslo, , Norway

Telemark Hospital

Skien, , Norway

Stavanger University Hospital

Stavanger, , Norway

University Hospital of North Norway

Tromsø, , Norway

St. Olavs hospital

Trondheim, , Norway

Vestfold Hospital

Tønsberg, , Norway

Oddzial Noworodkow

Bydgoszcz, , Poland

Szpital Wojewódzki Koszalin

Koszalin, , Poland

Children's Memorial Health Institute Warsaw

Warsaw, , Poland

Clinical Hospital Ks.Anna Mazowiecka

Warsaw, , Poland

Department of obstetric and gynecology, medical University of Warsaw

Warsaw, , Poland

Hospital Orłowskiego Warsaw

Warsaw, , Poland

Oddział Neonatologiczny

Warsaw, , Poland

Departement of Neonato- logy Medical University in Wrocław

Wroclaw, , Poland

Hospitale Divino Espirito Santo

Açores, , Portugal

Hospital San Marcos

Braga, , Portugal

Maternidade Bissaya Barreto

Coimbra, , Portugal

Maternidade Daniel Matos

Coimbra, , Portugal

Hospitale Espirito Santa

Evora, , Portugal

Hospitale Faro

Faro, , Portugal

Hospitale Vila Nova Gaia

Gaia, , Portugal

Hospital Dona Estefânia

Lisbon, , Portugal

Hospital Santa Maria

Lisbon, , Portugal

Hospitale Amadora Sintra

Lisbon, , Portugal

Hospitale Sao Francisco Xavier

Lisbon, , Portugal

Maternity Dr Alfredo da Costa

Lisbon, , Portugal

Hospitale Funchal

Madeirã, , Portugal

Hospital San João

Porto, , Portugal

Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña

A Coruña, , Spain

Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias

Alcalá de Henares, , Spain

Hospital General de Alicante

Alicante, , Spain

Hospital Universitario de Álava

Álava, , Spain

Hospital Clinic de Barcelona

Barcelona, , Spain

Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau

Barcelona, , Spain

Hospital Sant Joan de Déu

Barcelona, , Spain

Hospital Vall d´Hebron

Barcelona, , Spain

Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar

Cadiz, , Spain

Hospital General de Castellón

Castellon, , Spain

Hospital Universitario de Donostia

Donostia / San Sebastian, , Spain

Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta

Girona, , Spain

Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa

Leganés. Madrid, , Spain

Hospital San Pedro de Logroño

Logroño, , Spain

Hospital Clínico San Carlos (Madrid)

Madrid, , Spain

Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón

Madrid, , Spain

Hospital Infantil Universitario La Paz

Madrid, , Spain

Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre

Madrid, , Spain

Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias

Oviedo, , Spain

Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra

Pamplona, , Spain

Complexo Hospitalario de Pontevedra

Pontevedra, , Spain

Hospital Universitario de Salamanca

Salamanca, , Spain

Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla

Santander, , Spain

Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago

Santiago de Compostela, , Spain

Hospital Virgen Macarena

Seville, , Spain

Hospital Virgen de la Salud (Toledo)

Toledo, , Spain

Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe

Valencia, , Spain

Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo

Vigo, , Spain

Hospital Clínico Lozano Blesa

Zaragoza, , Spain

Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet

Zaragoza, , Spain

Hospital Lasarettet

Falun, , Sweden

Universitetssjukhuset

Lund, , Sweden

Universitetssjukhuset

Örebro, , Sweden

Karolinska University Hospital (Stockholm)

Stockholm, , Sweden

Sachsska Barnsjukhuset (Stockholm)

Stockholm, , Sweden

Akademiska Barnsjukhuset

Uppsala, , Sweden

Aberdeen Maternity Hospital

Aberdeen, , United Kingdom

Royal United Hospital

Bath, , United Kingdom

Royal Berkshire NHSFT

Berkshire, , United Kingdom

Birmingham Children's Hospital

Birmingham, , United Kingdom

Birmingham Heartlands Hospital

Birmingham, , United Kingdom

Birmingham Womens Hospital

Birmingham, , United Kingdom

Sandwell and West Birmingham

Birmingham, , United Kingdom

Blackpool Teaching Hospital Foundation Trust

Blackpool, , United Kingdom

Royal Bolton Hospital

Bolton, , United Kingdom

Bradford Royal Infirmary

Bradford, , United Kingdom

Royal Alexander Children's Hospital

Brighton, , United Kingdom

Bristol Royal Infirmary

Bristol, , United Kingdom

Southmead Hospital

Bristol, , United Kingdom

St Michael's Hospital, Bristol NICU

Bristol, , United Kingdom

Royal Brompton Hospital

Brompton, , United Kingdom

Burnley General Hospital

Burnley, , United Kingdom

Countess of Chester

Chester, , United Kingdom

North Tees Hospital

Cleveland, , United Kingdom

Colchester General Hospital

Colchester, , United Kingdom

University Hospitals Coventry & Warwick

Coventry, , United Kingdom

Royal Derby Hospital

Derby, , United Kingdom

Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust

Devon, , United Kingdom

Doncaster Royal Infirmary

Doncaster, , United Kingdom

Edinburgh Royal Infirmary

Edinburgh, , United Kingdom

Medway Maritime Hospital

Gillingham, , United Kingdom

Gloucestershire Royal Hospital

Gloucestershire, , United Kingdom

Royal Gwent Hospital

Gwent, , United Kingdom

Airedale NHS Foundation Trust

Keighley, , United Kingdom

Kettering General Hospital

Kettering, , United Kingdom

Leeds General Infirmary

Leeds, , United Kingdom

Leicester Royal infirmary NICU

Leicester, , United Kingdom

Leicester Royal Infirmary PICU

Leicester, , United Kingdom

Leighton or Mid Cheshire NHS Trust

Leighton, , United Kingdom

Liverpool Women's Hospital NICU

Liverpool, , United Kingdom

Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust PICU

London, , United Kingdom

Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children PICU

London, , United Kingdom

Imperial College London NICU

London, , United Kingdom

Royal London Hospital

London, , United Kingdom

Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust

Manchester, , United Kingdom

St Mary's Hospital

Manchester, , United Kingdom

King's Mill Hospital, Mansfield

Mansfield, , United Kingdom

James Cook University Hospital, Middlesborough

Middlesbrough, , United Kingdom

West Middlesex University Hospital

Middlesex, , United Kingdom

Newham University Hospital

Newham, , United Kingdom

Northampton General Hospital Neonatal Unit

Northampton, , United Kingdom

Queen's Medical Centre

Nottingham, , United Kingdom

Southport & Ormskirk & District General Hospital Neonatal Unit

Ormskirk, , United Kingdom

John Radcliffe Hospital

Oxford, , United Kingdom

Derriford Hospital, Plymouth

Plymouth, , United Kingdom

Royal Preston Hospital

Preston, , United Kingdom

Queen's Hospital, Romford

Romford, , United Kingdom

Rotherham District General Hospital

Rotherham, , United Kingdom

Jessop Wing, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

Sheffield, , United Kingdom

Royal Shrewsbury Hospital

Shrewsbury, , United Kingdom

Singleton Hospital

Singleton, , United Kingdom

University Hospital Of North Staffordshire NHS Trust

Staffordshire, , United Kingdom

Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

Swindon, , United Kingdom

Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton

Taunton, , United Kingdom

Royal Cornwall Hospital

Treliske, , United Kingdom

Warrington Hospital

Warrington, , United Kingdom

Calderdale Royal Hospital

West Yorkshire, , United Kingdom

Pinderfields General Hospital

West Yorkshire, , United Kingdom

New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton

Wolverhampton, , United Kingdom

Worcester Royal Hospital

Worcester, , United Kingdom

University Hospital of South Manchester, Wythenshawe

Wythenshawe, , United Kingdom

York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust

York, , United Kingdom

Countries

Austria; Belgium; Cyprus; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Italy; Lithuania; Malta; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom

References

Lago P, Frigo AC, Baraldi E, Pozzato R, Courtois E, Rambaud J, Anand KJ, Carbajal R. Sedation and analgesia practices at Italian neonatal intensive care units: results from the EUROPAIN study. Ital J Pediatr. 2017 Mar 7;43(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s13052-017-0343-2.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 28270167 (View on PubMed)

Carbajal R, Eriksson M, Courtois E, Boyle E, Avila-Alvarez A, Andersen RD, Sarafidis K, Polkki T, Matos C, Lago P, Papadouri T, Montalto SA, Ilmoja ML, Simons S, Tameliene R, van Overmeire B, Berger A, Dobrzanska A, Schroth M, Bergqvist L, Lagercrantz H, Anand KJ; EUROPAIN Survey Working Group. Sedation and analgesia practices in neonatal intensive care units (EUROPAIN): results from a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2015 Oct;3(10):796-812. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00331-8. Epub 2015 Sep 24.

Reference Type: DERIVED

PMID: 26420017 (View on PubMed)

Related Links

http://www.europainsurvey.eu

Study website

Other Identifiers

EUROPAIN Survey

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id