Trial Outcomes & Findings for Brain Training to Enhance Frontal Lobe Reasoning (NCT NCT01552473)
NCT ID: NCT01552473
Last Updated: 2025-03-10
Results Overview
Assesses disability after brain injury (1 dead to 8 good recovery). A higher score is a better outcome.
Recruitment status
COMPLETED
Study phase
NA
Target enrollment
108 participants
Primary outcome timeframe
Pre-training (Baseline) Neuropsychological Test
Results posted on
2025-03-10
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
A comparison-training program in cognitive training trials. The topics are presented with information (via Power Point) relevant to the participants' health and brain injury. Specifically, anatomy, functioning of each lobe of the brain, neurotransmitters, effects of TBI on cognitive functioning, and general principles of neuroplasticity. Other sessions pertain to the effects of sleep, diet, exercise, and social bonds on the brain.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
The SMART protocol trains a common set of three multidimensional and inter-related strategies to apply to a wide range of everyday tasks. The strategies draw upon top-down processes to improve cognitive control functions, including strategic attention, integrative reasoning and innovation.
Strategic attention strategies focus on intentional management of input by blocking distractions and irrelevant input, and factoring in regular mental breaks. The negative toll of multitasking on cognitive performance and productivity is integral to strategic attention. Integrative reasoning strategies build on strategic attention to engage in synthesis, abstraction, and implementation processes. Abstracting meanings (or ideas) from input/data to understand big ideas, take-home messages, and meaningful goals (that can be implemented) forms the core of this second part of the training.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Pre-training Testing
STARTED
|
52
|
56
|
|
Pre-training Testing
COMPLETED
|
52
|
56
|
|
Pre-training Testing
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
|
Post-training Testing
STARTED
|
52
|
56
|
|
Post-training Testing
COMPLETED
|
35
|
38
|
|
Post-training Testing
NOT COMPLETED
|
17
|
18
|
|
Delayed Post-training Testing
STARTED
|
35
|
38
|
|
Delayed Post-training Testing
COMPLETED
|
35
|
35
|
|
Delayed Post-training Testing
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
3
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Brain Training to Enhance Frontal Lobe Reasoning
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=52 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
Total
n=108 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
42.19 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.37 • n=5 Participants
|
40.59 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.05 • n=7 Participants
|
41.36 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.17 • n=5 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
20 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
21 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
41 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
32 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
35 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
67 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Hispanic or Latino
|
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Not Hispanic or Latino
|
45 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
51 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
96 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
American Indian or Alaska Native
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Asian
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Black or African American
|
6 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
8 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
White
|
42 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
47 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
89 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
More than one race
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race (NIH/OMB)
Unknown or Not Reported
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Years of Education
|
16.34 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.07 • n=5 Participants
|
15.80 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.43 • n=7 Participants
|
16.05 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.74 • n=5 Participants
|
|
Socio-economic Status (SES)
|
44.81 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.09 • n=5 Participants
|
40.44 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.85 • n=7 Participants
|
42.48 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.16 • n=5 Participants
|
|
Civilian/Military
Civilian
|
21 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
31 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
52 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Civilian/Military
Military (Veteran)
|
31 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
25 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
56 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Marital Status
Married
|
22 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
17 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
39 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Marital Status
Single
|
23 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
29 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
52 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Marital Status
Widow
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Marital Status
Divorced
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
10 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Marital Status
Separated
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Current IQ
|
109.94 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.42 • n=5 Participants
|
107.93 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.23 • n=7 Participants
|
108.84 units on a scale
STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.25 • n=5 Participants
|
|
Type of Head Injury
Blast
|
6 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
6 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Type of Head Injury
Blunt-force trauma
|
9 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Type of Head Injury
Falls
|
6 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
15 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Type of Head Injury
Multiple Injuries
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
18 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Type of Head Injury
Sports
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
15 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Type of Head Injury
Vehicular Accident(s)
|
16 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
14 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
30 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Type of Head Injury
Unknown
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
0 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Pre-training (Baseline) Neuropsychological TestPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
Assesses disability after brain injury (1 dead to 8 good recovery). A higher score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=52 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended
|
6.21 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.75
|
6.30 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.76
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Neuropsychological changes from baseline to 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals (41 women and 67 men) between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on cognition and real-life outcomes relating to how successful someone is able to integrate within their community (0 lowest integration (worst outcome) to 40 maximal integration (best outcome)). A higher score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=47 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Community Integration Questionnaire
|
16.91 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.04
|
18.71 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.08
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on outcomes. - (0 highest function (best outcome) to 31 lowest function (worst outcome)). A lower score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=48 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Functional Status Exam
|
24.02 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.93
|
22.14 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.23
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
Scored as 0 words to 7 words comprehended. Higher scores indicate better comprehension and thus a better outcome. Lower scores indicates a lower degree of comprehension. A higher score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=48 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=55 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Daneman-Carpenter Reading Span Test
|
2.81 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.89
|
2.89 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.07
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on cognition by working memory. The Hayling Sentence Completion test measures response initiation (range 0 best to 30 worst). A lower score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=48 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Hayling Sentence Completion Test
|
5.96 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.22
|
6.05 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.35
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on real-life outcomes. This test measures impaired self-awareness after brain injury. The scale ranges from 17 (lowest self-awareness level, worst outcome) to 85 (highest self-awareness level, best outcome). A higher score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=48 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Awareness Questionnaire
|
34.94 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.08
|
38.00 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.48
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: MRI measures taken at 10 weeks and 3 months post-training are combined and compared to baseline MRI yielding one numberPopulation: The participants included in this analysis completed Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans. This analysis does not include all 108 participants. Some participants data were not included due to the fact that they were not adequate for the analysis due to motion artifacts which severely affect this type of imaging measurement.
Brain network connectivity from functional brain imaging was computed using Network-Based Statistics. Data were adjusted to form one number to characterize the significant connection changes associated with the training. This was accomplished by computing a change score. This change score combined the post-training (10 weeks), and 3-months post-training imaging data and compared that to the baseline (pre-training imaging data). This measure allows for an estimation of the number of statistically increased connections observed between different areas of the brain. A higher score indicates more significant connections and is considered to be a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=29 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=31 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Network Based Statistics in Brain Connectivity
|
0 number of significant brain connections
|
14 number of significant brain connections
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure taken at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on measures current depressive symptoms from 0 (no depressive symptoms (best outcome)) to 63 (maximum depressive symptoms (worst outcome)). A lower score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=46 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
|
18.28 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 12.51
|
18.41 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.59
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure taken at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on self-reported measure of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. The test ranges from 0 minimal stress symptoms to 80 maximum stress symptoms. A lower score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=47 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=54 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist
|
46.76 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 18.03
|
44.09 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 15.84
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure taken at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on problem substance use. The range is from 0 low levels of problem substance use to 414 (maximum level of problem substance use). A lower score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=47 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test
|
19.40 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 15.50
|
22.18 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 19.12
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure taken at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on real-life outcomes on alcohol use disorder. The test ranges from 0 lowest use (best outcome) to 40 maximal use (worst outcome). A lower score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=47 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
|
2.94 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.78
|
3.39 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.12
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure taken at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on attention. The test is scored as time in seconds with the lowest amount of time indicating the best performance. A lower score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=47 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
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|---|---|---|
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Digit Vigilence Test
|
413.06 seconds
Standard Deviation 99.06
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359.20 seconds
Standard Deviation 72.74
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SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure taken at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on resilience. the scores range from 0 (lowest reslience and worst outcome) to 100 (highest resilience and best outcome). A higher score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=47 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale
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61.26 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 12.86
|
64.38 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 22.40
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure taken at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on memory. The scores range from 0 (lowest memory level) to 20 (higher memory level). A higher score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=48 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Wechsler Memory Scale
|
12.96 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.05
|
12.79 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.08
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure taken at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on vocabulary ability Score ranges from 20 (a lower level of vocabulary) to 80 (a higher level of vocabulary). A higher score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=48 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Vocabulary Scale
|
61.44 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.84
|
58.14 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 8.14
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure taken at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on cognition with fluid reasoning being the measure ranging from 20 (lowest performance) to 80 (highest performance). A higher score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=48 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Matrix Reasoning
|
26.56 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.30
|
27.64 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.68
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure taken at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on cognition with a score of 20 indicating lowest similarities performance to 80 indicating the highest similarities performance. A higher score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=48 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Similarities
|
37.69 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.39
|
36.96 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.71
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Measure taken at 10 weeks post-trainingPopulation: Community dwelling individuals between the ages of 19 and 65 years with a history of chronic TBI (\> 6 months post-injury).
To examine short-term effects of treatment on real-life outcomes. This ranges from 5 lowest satisfaction with life to 35 highest satisfaction with one's life. A higher score is a better outcome.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Brain Health Workshop (BHW)
n=48 Participants
The BHW program focuses on teaching facts about brain functions and influences on cognition. This program was originally developed at the Rotman Institute, Canada \[34\]. The BHW includes topics such as an overview of brain anatomy, neuroplasticity, memory, attention and executive functions, aging and the brain, sleep and stress, diet and physical exercise, and social bonds and the brain. We adapted the curriculum to approximate the general structure of SMART training, including matching for the number of sessions, duration, discussions, and homework assignments.
|
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART)
n=56 Participants
SMART utilizes a strategy-based approach to train individuals in abstract thinking ability. Specifically, participants are trained in cognitive control strategies of strategic attention, integration, and innovation, which facilitate abstraction abilities. Strategic attention involves blocking less relevant details to focus on important information. Integration incorporates strategies to abstract and create meanings or goals from information or tasks. Innovation focuses on generating and discovering novel concepts, ideas, and diverse goals and perspectives. The strategy instruction is hierarchical, with each strategy dynamically building upon previous strategies. The SMART program incorporates a wide range of discourse and task materials relevant in daily life contexts, such as planning an event, going on a job interview, learning from a lecture, or explaining a concept.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Satisfaction With Life Scale
|
17.56 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.60
|
16.54 scores on a scale
Standard Deviation 7.85
|
Adverse Events
Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training Group
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Brain Health Workshop
Serious events: 0 serious events
Other events: 0 other events
Deaths: 0 deaths
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Dr. Daniel Krawczyk, Primary Investigator
The University of Texas at Dallas, Center for BrainHealth
Phone: 214-905-3007
Email: [email protected]
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place