Study Results
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
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COMPLETED
NA
60 participants
INTERVENTIONAL
2012-09-01
2016-12-30
Brief Summary
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Beverage consumption has been implicated in the problem of obesity. However, the exact relationship between beverages, lower appetitive response and lower compensatory dietary responses remains unclear. This study aims to address this gap in the research. For aim 1, the null hypothesis is that the energy in beverage and solid forms will not affect appetite hormonal responses differently. The alternative hypothesis is that exposure to the energy-yielding beverage will elicit a lower appetitive hormone response compared to oral exposure to the solid food form. For aim 2, the null hypothesis is that learning will not change appetite hormone responses. The alternative hypothesis is that learning will decrease appetite hormone responses in the non-energy-yielding beverage more than in the energy-yielding beverage.
Detailed Description
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Conditions
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Keywords
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Study Design
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RANDOMIZED
PARALLEL
BASIC_SCIENCE
SINGLE
Study Groups
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Not Learned: Non-nutritive bev to Nutritive bev
15 participants will be randomly assigned to eat 250 grams of non-nutritive solid consecutively for 2 weeks. After this conditioning, the cephalic phase response of half of these participants will be tested against a nutritive solid and act as a control for the learned effects.
Learned: Non-nutritive beverage to Non-nutritive beverage
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a beverage product made with non-nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks.Half of these participants will then be tested against a non-nutritive beverage.
Not Learned: Nutritive solid to Non-Nutritive solid
15 participants will be randomly assigned to eat 250 grams of nutritive solid consecutively for 2 weeks. After this conditioning, the cephalic phase response of half of these participants will be tested against a non-nutritive solid and act as a control for the learned effects.
Learned: Nutritive solid to Nutritive solid
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a solid food product made with nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a nutritive solid.
Not Learned: Nutritive beverage to Non-Nutritive beverage
15 participants will be randomly assigned to drink 400 grams of nutritive beverage consecutively for 2 weeks. After this conditioning, the cephalic phase response of half of these participants will be tested against a non-nutritive beverage and act as a control for the learned effects.
Learned: Nutritive beverage to Nutritive beverage
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a beverage product made with nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a nutritive beverage.
Learned: Non-Nutritive solid to Non-Nutritive solid
15 participants will be randomly assigned to eat 250 grams of non-nutritive solid consecutively for 2 weeks. After this conditioning, the cephalic phase response of half of these participants will be tested against a non-nutritive solid to determine if cephalic phase response changes with learning.
Not Learned: Non-nutritive solid to Nutritive solid
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a solid food product made with non-nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a nutritive solid.
Learned: Non-Nutritive beverage to Non-Nutritive beverage
15 participants will be randomly assigned to drink 400 grams of non-nutritive beverage consecutively for 2 weeks. After this conditioning, the cephalic phase response of half of these participants will be tested against a non-nutritive beverage to determine if cephalic phase response changes with learning.
Not Learned: Nutritive beverage to Non-nutritive beverage
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a beverage food product made with nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a non-nutritive beverage.
Learned: Nutritive solid to Nutritive solid
15 participants will be randomly assigned to eat 250 grams of nutritive solid consecutively for 2 weeks. After this conditioning, the cephalic phase response of half of these participants will be tested against a nutritive solid to determine if cephalic phase response changes with learning.
Not Learned: Non-Nutritive solid to Non-nutritive solid
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a solid food product made with nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a non-nutritive solid.
Learned: Nutritive beverage to Nutritive beverage
15 participants will be randomly assigned to drink 400 grams of nutritive beverage consecutively for 2 weeks. After this conditioning, the cephalic phase response of half of these participants will be tested against a nutritive beverage to determine if cephalic phase response changes with learning.
Not Learned: Non-nutritive beverage to Nutritive beverage
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a beverage food product made with non-nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a nutritive beverage.
Not Learned: Non-Nutritive solid to Non-Nutritive solid
15 participants will be randomly assigned to eat 250 grams of non-nutritive solid consecutively for 2 weeks. After this conditioning, the cephalic phase response of half of these participants will be tested against a non-nutritive solid to determine if cephalic phase response changes with learning.
Not Learned: Non-Nutritive solid to Non-Nutritive Solid
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a solid food product made with non-nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a non-nutritive solid.
Interventions
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Learned: Non-nutritive beverage to Non-nutritive beverage
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a beverage product made with non-nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks.Half of these participants will then be tested against a non-nutritive beverage.
Learned: Nutritive solid to Nutritive solid
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a solid food product made with nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a nutritive solid.
Learned: Nutritive beverage to Nutritive beverage
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a beverage product made with nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a nutritive beverage.
Not Learned: Non-nutritive solid to Nutritive solid
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a solid food product made with non-nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a nutritive solid.
Not Learned: Nutritive beverage to Non-nutritive beverage
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a beverage food product made with nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a non-nutritive beverage.
Not Learned: Non-Nutritive solid to Non-nutritive solid
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a solid food product made with nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a non-nutritive solid.
Not Learned: Non-nutritive beverage to Nutritive beverage
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a beverage food product made with non-nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a nutritive beverage.
Not Learned: Non-Nutritive solid to Non-Nutritive Solid
For the learning phase of the experiment, random allocation will assign about 15 participants to consume a solid food product made with non-nutritive sweetener everyday for two weeks. Half of these participants will then be tested against a non-nutritive solid.
Other Intervention Names
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* No purposeful use of foods or beverages that are sweetened with non-nutritive sweetener \> 3 times a week
* No purposeful addition of non-nutritive sweetener to foods and beverages \>3 times a week
* No Phenylketonuria (PKU)
* Rate palatability of test load and food sample as greater than 5 on a 9 point category scale.
* Be willing to eat at least 100 grams of carbohydrates for three days prior to each test day
* Self-reported consumer of breakfast and lunch
* Be willing to eat macaroni and cheese during breakfast-lunch hours
* Not taking medications known to influence appetite
* Non-smoker \>1 year or more
* Habitual activity pattern over the last 3 months and no plan to change this over the course of the study
* Not on any extreme diet (e.g. Atkins Diet)
* Weight stable (≤ 5 kg change over the last 3 months)
* Not a restrained eater (have a dietary restraint score of \<9 on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-Restraint section)
* Not a disordered eater (Have a score of \<20 in the Eating Attitudes Test-26)
* Have not donated blood for at least 3 months prior to participating in the study
* Indicate no plan to donate blood during, and for three months after the study
18 Years
50 Years
ALL
Yes
Sponsors
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
NIH
Purdue University
OTHER
Responsible Party
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Richard Mattes
Distinguished Professor
Locations
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Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
Countries
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Other Identifiers
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1201011780
Identifier Type: OTHER
Identifier Source: secondary_id
R01DK079913-4
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id