Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder

NCT ID: NCT01488799

Last Updated: 2015-12-29

Basic Information

• Recruitment Status: COMPLETED
• Clinical Phase: NA
• Total Enrollment: 85 participants
• Study Classification: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Start Date: 2012-01-31
• Study Completion Date: 2015-12-31

Brief Summary

The current study examines whether change-readiness, and consequently treatment outcome, can be enhanced in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for severe Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) by adding a brief course of Motivational Interviewing (MI adapted for anxiety, Westra & Dozois, 2003) before and during CBT when motivation wanes. 106 individuals with severe GAD will be randomly assigned to receive an equal number of sessions of either MI and CBT (MI-CBT arm) or CBT alone (CBT alone arm). It is expected that the MI-CBT arm relative to the CBT alone arm will show lower levels of resistance in CBT, higher levels of homework compliance and therapeutic alliance, better moment-to-moment interpersonal process, and consequently superior outcomes - both post-treatment and at 6 and 12 month follow-ups.

Detailed Description

The proposed study builds on the findings of the clinical trial by Westra, Arkowitz and Dozois (2009), and aims to: (1) provide a powerful test of the value of adding MI to CBT for high severity GAD (as pilot data has indicated that individuals with severe GAD may preferentially benefit from the addition of MI to CBT), (2) employ treatment procedures generalizable to clinical practice, and (3) examine the mechanisms underlying any additive treatment benefit. 106 individuals with a principal diagnosis of GAD and of high worry severity will be randomly assigned to receive either 4 sessions of MI followed by 11 sessions of CBT (MI-CBT arm) or 15 sessions of CBT (CBT alone arm). Both groups will also receive 2 follow-up CBT treatment sessions at 1 and 3 months post-treatment. Each therapist will deliver all treatment components, treatments will appear seamless to clients, and therapists will be nested within treatment group to control for allegiance effects and avoid cross-contamination of the therapies. In order to increase generalizability to clinical practice, in the CBT phase for the MI-CBT arm, therapists will shift to MI in the presence of empirically derived markers of resistance and shift back to CBT when resistance has diminished. In the CBT alone arm therapists will respond to resistance using manualized recommendations derived from leading CBT theorists for the management of resistance. Anxiety and related symptoms, motivation, and treatment engagement will be assessed at various points during treatment, and at 6 and 12 months post-treatment. A multi-method approach to assessment will be used, including self-report, clinician-report, clinician-administered, observer-rated, and interview-based measures. Importantly, we will include not only traditional outcome measures, but also process measures (e.g., observer-coded interpersonal behavior, interview-based derivation of client experiences) to investigate possible mechanisms underlying any additive treatment benefit. In addition, all therapy sessions will be videotaped and assessed by independent raters for protocol adherence.

The specific hypotheses are as followed:

Hypothesis 1: Worry, Anxiety, & Related Symptoms. The MI-CBT arm will show greater reductions in worry, anxiety, and related symptoms (depression, disability, maladaptive beliefs about worry, life satisfaction) and a greater percentage of treatment responders (using clinical significance criteria) across the treatment period and at follow-up (FU), compared to the CBT alone arm.

Hypothesis 2: Motivation and Resistance. Over the course of early treatment (i.e., sessions 1 to 4), the MI-CBT arm will demonstrate greater increases in motivation compared to the CBT alone arm. In addition, the MI-CBT arm will exhibit lower in-session resistance during early (sessions 5 & 7), middle (sessions 10 & 12), and late (sessions 15 & 17) phases of treatment.

Hypothesis 3: Homework Compliance. The MI-CBT arm will show greater client- and therapist-rated homework compliance throughout CBT treatment compared to the CBT alone arm.

Hypothesis 4a: Interpersonal Processes between Clients and Therapists. Compared to CBT alone clients, MI-CBT clients and therapists will report higher working alliance quality during both the initial MI sessions and subsequent phases of CBT. Furthermore, moment-to-moment interpersonal processes between client and therapist during early, middle, and late treatment are expected to be characterized by more adaptive processes (e.g., higher affiliation and less hostility) in the MI-CBT vs. CBT alone arms.

Hypothesis 4b. Interpersonal Processes During Resistance. During episodes of client resistance (identified with resistance coding), therapist and client exchanges in MI-CBT are expected to be characterized by more adaptive processes (i.e., higher affiliation, less hostility, and greater client autonomy-preservation) compared to CBT alone. Further, when a small subset of clients (5 per treatment group) are interviewed about their experiences of resistance episodes, we expect client accounts in the MI-CBT arm to be characterized more positively (e.g., more supportive of client autonomy, more conducive to increased engagement vs. disengagement with treatment) compared to CBT alone.

Hypothesis 5: Mediation of Therapeutic Outcomes. We expect that increased motivation and reduced resistance in MI-CBT, compared to CBT alone, will lead to higher levels of engagement in the CBT (better homework compliance and therapeutic alliance), which will result in greater worry reduction.

Conditions

Anxiety Disorders; Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Keywords

Anxiety; Generalized Anxiety Disorder; Motivational Interviewing; Cognitive Behavioural Therapy; Psychotherapy

Study Design

• Allocation Method: RANDOMIZED
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Primary Study Purpose: TREATMENT
• Blinding Strategy: DOUBLE

Study Groups

MI-CBT

Group Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Participants with a diagnosis of severe Generalized Anxiety Disorder will be randomly assigned to receive either 4 weekly sessions of MI followed by 11 weekly sessions of CBT (MI-CBT arm) or 15 weekly sessions of CBT (CBT alone arm). Both groups will also receive 2 follow-up CBT treatment sessions at 1 and 3 months post-treatment. In order to increase generalizability to clinical practice, in the CBT phase for the MI-CBT arm, therapists will shift to MI in the presence of empirically derived markers of resistance and shift back to CBT when resistance has diminished. In the CBT alone arm therapists will respond to resistance using manualized recommendations derived from leading CBT theorists for the management of resistance.

CBT alone

Group Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Participants with a diagnosis of severe Generalized Anxiety Disorder will be randomly assigned to receive either 4 weekly sessions of MI followed by 11 weekly sessions of CBT (MI-CBT arm) or 15 weekly sessions of CBT (CBT alone arm). Both groups will also receive 2 follow-up CBT treatment sessions at 1 and 3 months post-treatment. In order to increase generalizability to clinical practice, in the CBT phase for the MI-CBT arm, therapists will shift to MI in the presence of empirically derived markers of resistance and shift back to CBT when resistance has diminished. In the CBT alone arm therapists will respond to resistance using manualized recommendations derived from leading CBT theorists for the management of resistance.

Interventions

Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

Participants with a diagnosis of severe Generalized Anxiety Disorder will be randomly assigned to receive either 4 weekly sessions of MI followed by 11 weekly sessions of CBT (MI-CBT arm) or 15 weekly sessions of CBT (CBT alone arm). Both groups will also receive 2 follow-up CBT treatment sessions at 1 and 3 months post-treatment. In order to increase generalizability to clinical practice, in the CBT phase for the MI-CBT arm, therapists will shift to MI in the presence of empirically derived markers of resistance and shift back to CBT when resistance has diminished. In the CBT alone arm therapists will respond to resistance using manualized recommendations derived from leading CBT theorists for the management of resistance.

Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL

Other Intervention Names

Motivational Interviewing; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Between 16 & 65 years of age
• Proficient use of English
• A principle diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• Severe GAD (as measured by clinician severity ratings and PSWQ)
• Willingness to either remain on stable dosage of psychotropic medication or remain unmedicated throughout their involvement in the clinical trial

Exclusion Criteria

• Current of history of psychotic spectrum disorder or bipolar mood disorder
• Cognitive impairment such as neurodegenerative illness or head injury
• Current substance abuse and or dependance
• Concurrent psychotherapy, either individual or group.

• Minimum Eligible Age: 16 Years
• Maximum Eligible Age: 65 Years
• Eligible Sex: ALL
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Sponsors

Toronto Metropolitan University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

OTHER

Sponsor Role: collaborator

York University

OTHER

Sponsor Role: lead

Responsible Party

Henny Westra

Clinical Psychologist, Associate Professor (York University)

Responsibility Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Principal Investigators

Henny A Westra, Ph.D.

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

York University

Martin M Antony, Ph.D.

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Toronto Metropolitan University

Michael J Constantino, Ph.D.

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

University of Massachusetts, Worcester

Locations

York University

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Ryerson University

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Countries

Canada

Other Identifiers

MOP114909

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id