Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine to Prevent Anal HPV in HIV-infected Men and Women

NCT ID: NCT01461096

Last Updated: 2021-11-02

Study Results

Results available

Outcome measurements, participant flow, baseline characteristics, and adverse events have been published for this study.

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Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

PHASE3

Total Enrollment

575 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2012-03-31

Study Completion Date

2016-01-31

Brief Summary

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Men who have sex with men (MSM) have an increased risk of developing anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, which can be a risk factor for anal cancer. HIV-infected women are also at risk of anal cancer. This study will evaluate the effectiveness of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved quadrivalent HPV vaccine, Gardasil, at preventing anal HPV infection in HIV-infected MSM and HIV-infected women.

Detailed Description

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Anal HPV infection can be a risk factor for anal cancer, which is a common non-AIDS-defining cancer among HIV-infected MSM. Screening for anal cancer is not widely available and can be difficult to implement. People who receive the FDA-approved quadrivalent HPV vaccine, Gardasil, may have a reduced risk of developing anal HPV infection, which may in turn reduce the risk of developing anal cancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine, Gardasil, at reducing the incidence of anal HPV infections in HIV-infected MSM and HIV-infected women.

This study enrolled HIV-infected MSM and HIV-infected women. Participants were randomly assigned to receive the HPV vaccine or a placebo vaccine. At the screening study visit, participants underwent a physical examination, blood collection, anal swab procedure, oral examination, questionnaires, a high-resolution anoscopy (HRA), and if female, a pregnancy test, vaginal swab, and gynecologic exam. At the entry study visit, participants underwent most of the procedures performed at screening (with the exception of an HRA and a gynecologic exam if female) plus a saliva test. Participants received the HPV vaccine or placebo as an injection into their upper arm or thigh on Day 0 and Weeks 8 and 24. Study staff called participants 2 to 3 days after each vaccination for follow-up monitoring. Additional study visits and procedures occurred at Week 28, Week 52, and every 26 weeks thereafter for at least 3 years and for a maximum of 4 years after the last participant was enrolled in the study. Female participants also had a gynecologic exam at screening, Week 52, and every 52 weeks thereafter; a pregnancy test at screening, baseline, Week 8, Week 24, and as indicated; and self-collected vaginal swabs at screening, entry, Week 28, Week 52, and every 26 weeks thereafter. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from some participants at entry, Week 28, and study exit.

The DSMB held a total of four reviews for the study. After careful review of the outcome data in the 4th review held on September 2, 2015, the DSMB commended the study team for a well-run study that provided important results and recommended stopping the study early due to futility. The recommendation was based on meeting the pre-specified criteria for inadequate conditional power to detect a treatment difference at 50% information.

The study was prematurely discontinued on December 31, 2015, which was around eight months earlier than originally planned. With approval from SASC, the study team managed to offer high resolution anoscopy (HRA) procedures to participants whose most recent anal Pap tests showed abnormal results, unless the HRA took place on or after 09/01/14.

Conditions

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HIV Infections

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

PREVENTION

Blinding Strategy

QUADRUPLE

Participants Caregivers Investigators Outcome Assessors

Study Groups

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Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine

Participants were prescribed the quadrivalent HPV vaccine at baseline and Weeks 8 and 24.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine

Intervention Type BIOLOGICAL

Participants were prescribed one intramuscular (IM) injection of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in the upper arm or thigh at baseline and Weeks 8 and 24.

Placebo Vaccine

Participants were prescribed the placebo vaccine at baseline and Weeks 8 and 24.

Group Type PLACEBO_COMPARATOR

Placebo Vaccine for Male Participants Only

Intervention Type BIOLOGICAL

Participants were prescribed one IM injection of the placebo vaccine in the upper arm or thigh at baseline and Weeks 8 and 24.

Placebo Vaccine for Female Participants Only

Intervention Type BIOLOGICAL

Participants were prescribed one IM injection of the placebo vaccine in the upper arm or thigh at baseline and Weeks 8 and 24.

Interventions

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Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine

Participants were prescribed one intramuscular (IM) injection of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in the upper arm or thigh at baseline and Weeks 8 and 24.

Intervention Type BIOLOGICAL

Placebo Vaccine for Male Participants Only

Participants were prescribed one IM injection of the placebo vaccine in the upper arm or thigh at baseline and Weeks 8 and 24.

Intervention Type BIOLOGICAL

Placebo Vaccine for Female Participants Only

Participants were prescribed one IM injection of the placebo vaccine in the upper arm or thigh at baseline and Weeks 8 and 24.

Intervention Type BIOLOGICAL

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* HIV-1 infection, documented by any licensed rapid HIV test or HIV enzyme or chemiluminescence immunoassay (E/CIA) test kit at any time prior to study entry and confirmed by a licensed Western blot or a second antibody test by a method other than the initial rapid HIV and/or E/CIA, or by HIV-1 antigen, plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
* Laboratory values obtained within 45 days prior to entry by any U.S. laboratory that has a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA) certification or its equivalent, or at any network-approved non-U.S. laboratory that operates in accordance with Good Clinical Practices and participates in appropriate external quality assurance programs:

1. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) greater than 750 cells/mm\^3
2. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 9.0 g/dL
3. Platelet count greater than or equal to 75,000/mm\^3
4. Serum creatinine less than or equal to three times the upper limit of normal (ULN)
5. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase \[SGOT\]) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase \[SGPT\]) less than or equal to five times the ULN
6. Total or conjugated (direct) bilirubin less than or equal to 2.5 times the ULN
* For men, receptive anal sex (defined as receptive penile-anal sex or receptive oral-anal sex with another man) within 1 year prior to entry
* Anal cytology result from specimen obtained within 45 days prior to entry
* HRA performed within 45 days prior to entry by a certified HRA provider with no evidence of invasive or microinvasive anal cancer by anal biopsy or by visual inspection if no biopsy was obtained. Note: refer to protocol for more information about HRA certification process.
* For women, gynecologic examination (including screening for cervical disease by exfoliative cytology with or without colposcopy) within 45 days prior to entry.
* For women of reproductive potential, a negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 45 days prior to study entry by any U.S. laboratory that has a CLIA certification or its equivalent, or at any network-approved non-U.S. laboratory that operates in accordance with Good Clinical Practices and participates in appropriate external quality assurance programs. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
* Confirmation of the availability of the anal swab, vaginal swab (women only) and Scope oral rinse specimens for HPV DNA PCR obtained at screening. The site must confirm that these samples have been entered into the Laboratory Data Management System (LDMS).
* Ability and willingness of participant or legal representative to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria

* History or current biopsy diagnosis of invasive or microinvasive cancer, i.e.:

* For all participants: anal or oropharyngeal cancer
* For men: penile cancer
* For women: cervical, vulvar, or vaginal cancer
* More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
* Anal, cervical, or vaginal cytological results suspicious for invasive carcinoma at any point prior to entry
* Topical or surgical treatment for intra- or perianal intraepithelial neoplasia or condyloma within 6 months prior to entry. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
* Prior receipt of one or more doses of an HPV vaccine
* Receipt of anticoagulants other than aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) within 14 days prior to entry
* Known allergy/sensitivity or any hypersensitivity to yeast or any of the components of the study product or its formulation. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
* Active drug or alcohol use or dependence or other condition that, in the opinion of the site investigator, would interfere with adherence to study requirements
* Serious illness requiring systemic treatment and/or hospitalization within 21 days prior to entry
* Hemophilia or other bleeding diatheses
* Use of any systemic antineoplastic or immunomodulatory treatment, systemic corticosteroids other than inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone less than or equal to 10 mg (or equivalent), investigational vaccines, interleukins, interferons, growth factors, or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) within 45 days prior to study entry. NOTE: Routine standard-of-care vaccines (including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, influenza, pneumococcal, and tetanus vaccines) are not exclusionary.
* Expected treatment of hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus with immunomodulatory agents in the 7 months after entry
* Breastfeeding
Minimum Eligible Age

27 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

NIH

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Timothy J. Wilkin, MD, MPH

Role: STUDY_CHAIR

Cornell Clinical Research Site

Ross D. Cranston, MD

Role: STUDY_CHAIR

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Locations

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UCLA CARE Center CRS

Los Angeles, California, United States

Site Status

Stanford AIDS Clinical Trials Unit CRS

Palo Alto, California, United States

Site Status

UCSD Antiviral Research Center CRS

San Diego, California, United States

Site Status

Ucsf Hiv/Aids Crs

San Francisco, California, United States

Site Status

University of Colorado Hospital CRS

Aurora, Colorado, United States

Site Status

Denver Public Health CRS

Denver, Colorado, United States

Site Status

Northwestern University CRS

Chicago, Illinois, United States

Site Status

Rush University CRS

Chicago, Illinois, United States

Site Status

Massachusetts General Hospital CRS (MGH CRS)

Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Site Status

Boston Medical Center CRS

Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Site Status

Beth Israel Deaconess Med. Ctr., ACTG CRS

Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Site Status

Washington University Therapeutics (WT) CRS

St Louis, Missouri, United States

Site Status

New Jersey Medical School Clinical Research Center CRS

Newark, New Jersey, United States

Site Status

Weill Cornell Chelsea CRS

New York, New York, United States

Site Status

NY Univ. HIV/AIDS CRS

New York, New York, United States

Site Status

Columbia P&S CRS

New York, New York, United States

Site Status

University of Rochester Adult HIV Therapeutic Strategies Network CRS

Rochester, New York, United States

Site Status

Chapel Hill CRS

Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States

Site Status

Cincinnati Clinical Research Site

Cincinnati, Ohio, United States

Site Status

University of Pittsburgh CRS

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States

Site Status

The Miriam Hospital Clinical Research Site (TMH CRS) CRS

Providence, Rhode Island, United States

Site Status

Houston AIDS Research Team CRS

Houston, Texas, United States

Site Status

Instituto de Pesquisa Clinica Evandro Chagas (IPEC) CRS

Rio de Janeiro, , Brazil

Site Status

Puerto Rico AIDS Clinical Trials Unit CRS

San Juan, , Puerto Rico

Site Status

Countries

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United States Brazil Puerto Rico

References

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D'Souza G, Wiley DJ, Li X, Chmiel JS, Margolick JB, Cranston RD, Jacobson LP. Incidence and epidemiology of anal cancer in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008 Aug 1;48(4):491-9. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31817aebfe.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 18614927 (View on PubMed)

Piketty C, Selinger-Leneman H, Grabar S, Duvivier C, Bonmarchand M, Abramowitz L, Costagliola D, Mary-Krause M; FHDH-ANRS CO 4. Marked increase in the incidence of invasive anal cancer among HIV-infected patients despite treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2008 Jun 19;22(10):1203-11. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283023f78.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 18525266 (View on PubMed)

The DAIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events (DAIDS AE Grading Table), Version 1.0, December 2004 (Clarification, August 2009).

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Kang M, Umbleja T, Ellsworth G, Aberg J, Wilkin T. Effects of Sex, Existing Antibodies, and HIV-1-Related and Other Baseline Factors on Antibody Responses to Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine in Persons With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022 Apr 1;89(4):414-422. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002891.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 34907980 (View on PubMed)

Wilkin TJ, Chen H, Cespedes MS, Leon-Cruz JT, Godfrey C, Chiao EY, Bastow B, Webster-Cyriaque J, Feng Q, Dragavon J, Coombs RW, Presti RM, Saah A, Cranston RD. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults Aged 27 Years or Older: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol A5298. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Oct 15;67(9):1339-1346. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy274.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 29659751 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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11798

Identifier Type: REGISTRY

Identifier Source: secondary_id

A5298

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id