Home
Clinical Trials
Stenting Malignant Jaundice f...

Stenting Malignant Jaundice for Quality of Life

Last Updated: 2011-10-26

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

Get a concise snapshot of the trial, including recruitment status, study phase, enrollment targets, and key timeline milestones.

Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

Total Enrollment

164 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

1993-07-31

Study Completion Date

2004-11-30

Brief Summary

Review the sponsor-provided synopsis that highlights what the study is about and why it is being conducted.

Endoscopic stent insertion is considered the method of choice for palliation of malignant bile duct obstruction (MBDO). However, it can cause complications and requires periodic stent exchanges. While endoscopic stenting is clearly indicated for relief of cholangitis or refractory pruritus, its role in patients with jaundice alone is less clear. Endoscopic stenting for this relative indication might be justified, if there is a significant improvement in quality of life (QOL) of such patients. The aim of the investigators study was to determine whether endoscopic stenting for MBDO results in improved QOL.

Detailed Description

Dive into the extended narrative that explains the scientific background, objectives, and procedures in greater depth.

Most malignant tumors causing bile duct obstruction, such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma, gallbladder carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma, have an extremely poor prognosis. At the time of diagnosis the majority of these tumors will be unresectable with a median survival of 4-6 months. Palliation is the goal for those patients with unresectable tumors and limited survival and for those at high risk for attempts at curative resection.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic stent insertion is considered the method of choice for palliative treatment of malignant bile duct obstruction (MBDO). However, it can cause complications, such as pancreatitis, bleeding, perforation, cholangitis and stent migration in a significant proportion of treated patients. Clogging of plastic stents is a predictable consequence and requires periodic stent exchanges with attendant risks and costs. While endoscopic stenting is clearly indicated for relief of cholangitis or refractory pruritus, the role of stenting in patients with jaundice alone, abdominal pain, or failure to thrive due to malignancy is less clear. Given the risk for complications and costs, endoscopic therapy might be justified in these clinical scenarios if quality of life (QOL) is significantly improved. A few available studies have demonstrated improved QOL in stented patients. However, these studies include a small number of patients and/or are retrospective in design. Therefore, more evidence to support routine palliative biliary drainage in patients with MBDO is desired.

Conditions

See the medical conditions and disease areas that this research is targeting or investigating.

Bile Duct Neoplasms Malignant

Study Design

Understand how the trial is structured, including allocation methods, masking strategies, primary purpose, and other design elements.

Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

SUPPORTIVE_CARE

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

Review each arm or cohort in the study, along with the interventions and objectives associated with them.

10 French Stent

10 French biliary plastic stent

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

ERCP with 10 French biliary plastic stent placement

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Stent placement of a 10 French biliary plastic stent

11.5 French stent

11.5 French biliary plastic stent

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

ERCP with 11.5 French biliary plastic stent

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

biliary plastic stent placement

Interventions

Learn about the drugs, procedures, or behavioral strategies being tested and how they are applied within this trial.

ERCP with 10 French biliary plastic stent placement

Stent placement of a 10 French biliary plastic stent

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

ERCP with 11.5 French biliary plastic stent

biliary plastic stent placement

Intervention Type PROCEDURE

Eligibility Criteria

Check the participation requirements, including inclusion and exclusion rules, age limits, and whether healthy volunteers are accepted.

Inclusion Criteria

* Patients with suspected or proven malignant biliary obstruction who were unresectable or inoperable and were undergoing ERCP and biliary stenting for biliary depression.

Exclusion Criteria

* Had previously undergone biliary stenting
* Surgery was planned
* A guidewire could not be passed through the stricture
* Suspected survival of \< 3 months
* Impending duodenal obstruction

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Responsible Party

Identify the individual or organization who holds primary responsibility for the study information submitted to regulators.

Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

Learn about the lead researchers overseeing the trial and their institutional affiliations.

Stuart Sherman, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Indiana University School of Medicine

Glen A Lehman, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Indiana Univesity Medical Center

James Frankes, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Rockford GE Associates

John Johanson, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Rockford GE Associates

Tahir Qaseem, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

MaineHealth

Douglas Howell, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

MaineHealth

References

Explore related publications, articles, or registry entries linked to this study.

Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002 Jan-Feb;52(1):23-47. doi: 10.3322/canjclin.52.1.23.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11814064 (View on PubMed)

Lowy AM. From bad to worse: prognostic factors in pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004 Feb;11(2):117-8. doi: 10.1245/aso.2004.12.930. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 14761910 (View on PubMed)

Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Boyle P (1998) Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. In: Howard J, Idezuki Y, Ihse I, Prinz R, eds. Surgical Diseases of the Pancreas. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 433-439

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Speer AG, Cotton PB, Russell RC, Mason RR, Hatfield AR, Leung JW, MacRae KD, Houghton J, Lennon CA. Randomised trial of endoscopic versus percutaneous stent insertion in malignant obstructive jaundice. Lancet. 1987 Jul 11;2(8550):57-62. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92733-4.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 2439854 (View on PubMed)

Andersen JR, Sorensen SM, Kruse A, Rokkjaer M, Matzen P. Randomised trial of endoscopic endoprosthesis versus operative bypass in malignant obstructive jaundice. Gut. 1989 Aug;30(8):1132-5. doi: 10.1136/gut.30.8.1132.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 2475392 (View on PubMed)

Motte S, Deviere J, Dumonceau JM, Serruys E, Thys JP, Cremer M. Risk factors for septicemia following endoscopic biliary stenting. Gastroenterology. 1991 Nov;101(5):1374-81. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90091-x.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 1936809 (View on PubMed)

Tarnasky PR, Cunningham JT, Hawes RH, Hoffman BJ, Uflacker R, Vujic I, Cotton PB. Transpapillary stenting of proximal biliary strictures: does biliary sphincterotomy reduce the risk of postprocedure pancreatitis? Gastrointest Endosc. 1997 Jan;45(1):46-51. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(97)70301-8.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 9013169 (View on PubMed)

Margulies C, Siqueira ES, Silverman WB, Lin XS, Martin JA, Rabinovitz M, Slivka A. The effect of endoscopic sphincterotomy on acute and chronic complications of biliary endoprostheses. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999 Jun;49(6):716-9. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(99)70288-9.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 10343215 (View on PubMed)

Giorgio PD, Luca LD. Comparison of treatment outcomes between biliary plastic stent placements with and without endoscopic sphincterotomy for inoperable malignant common bile duct obstruction. World J Gastroenterol. 2004 Apr 15;10(8):1212-4. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i8.1212.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 15069728 (View on PubMed)

Johanson JF, Schmalz MJ, Geenen JE. Incidence and risk factors for biliary and pancreatic stent migration. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992 May-Jun;38(3):341-6. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(92)70429-5.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 1607087 (View on PubMed)

Speer AG, Cotton PB, Rode J, Seddon AM, Neal CR, Holton J, Costerton JW. Biliary stent blockage with bacterial biofilm. A light and electron microscopy study. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Apr;108(4):546-53. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-108-4-546.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 2450501 (View on PubMed)

Frakes JT, Johanson JF, Stake JJ. Optimal timing for stent replacement in malignant biliary tract obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 1993 Mar-Apr;39(2):164-7. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(93)70058-9.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 8388345 (View on PubMed)

Ballinger AB, McHugh M, Catnach SM, Alstead EM, Clark ML. Symptom relief and quality of life after stenting for malignant bile duct obstruction. Gut. 1994 Apr;35(4):467-70. doi: 10.1136/gut.35.4.467.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 7513672 (View on PubMed)

Pereira-Lima JC, Jakobs R, Maier M, Kohler B, Benz C, Martin WR, Riemann JF. Endoscopic stenting in obstructive jaundice due to liver metastases: does it have a benefit for the patient? Hepatogastroenterology. 1996 Jul-Aug;43(10):944-8.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 8884318 (View on PubMed)

Luman W, Cull A, Palmer KR. Quality of life in patients stented for malignant biliary obstructions. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 May;9(5):481-4. doi: 10.1097/00042737-199705000-00013.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 9187881 (View on PubMed)

Abraham NS, Barkun JS, Barkun AN. Palliation of malignant biliary obstruction: a prospective trial examining impact on quality of life. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002 Dec;56(6):835-41. doi: 10.1067/mge.2002.129868.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 12447294 (View on PubMed)

Wagh MS, de Bellis M, Fogel EL, Frakes JT, Johanson JF, Qaseem T, Howell DA, Lehman GA, Sherman S. Multicenter Randomized Trial of 10-French versus 11.5-French Plastic Stents for Malignant Biliary Obstruction. Diagn Ther Endosc. 2013;2013:891915. doi: 10.1155/2013/891915. Epub 2013 May 2.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 23737656 (View on PubMed)

Cella DF, Tulsky DS, Gray G, Sarafian B, Linn E, Bonomi A, Silberman M, Yellen SB, Winicour P, Brannon J, et al. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scale: development and validation of the general measure. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Mar;11(3):570-9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.3.570.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 8445433 (View on PubMed)

Cheung YB, Goh C, Thumboo J, Khoo KS, Wee J. Variability and sample size requirements of quality-of-life measures: a randomized study of three major questionnaires. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Aug 1;23(22):4936-44. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.07.141.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 16051946 (View on PubMed)

Steel JL, Eton DT, Cella D, Olek MC, Carr BI. Clinically meaningful changes in health-related quality of life in patients diagnosed with hepatobiliary carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2006 Feb;17(2):304-12. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdj072. Epub 2005 Dec 15.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 16357021 (View on PubMed)

Hahn EA, Cella D, (1997) Unbiased quality of life measurement across literacy levels and mode of administration. Qual Life Res 6:654.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

Yost KJ, Sorensen MV, Hahn EA, Glendenning GA, Gnanasakthy A, Cella D. Using multiple anchor- and distribution-based estimates to evaluate clinically meaningful change on the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Biologic Response Modifiers (FACT-BRM) instrument. Value Health. 2005 Mar-Apr;8(2):117-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2005.08202.x.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 15804320 (View on PubMed)

Webster K, Cella D, Yost K. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) Measurement System: properties, applications, and interpretation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003 Dec 16;1:79. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-1-79.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 14678568 (View on PubMed)

Cella D, Li JZ, Cappelleri JC, Bushmakin A, Charbonneau C, Kim ST, Chen I, Motzer RJ. Quality of life in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib or interferon alfa: results from a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Aug 1;26(22):3763-9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.13.5145.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 18669464 (View on PubMed)

Fairclough DL, Cella DF. Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT-G): non-response to individual questions. Qual Life Res. 1996 Jun;5(3):321-9. doi: 10.1007/BF00433916.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 8763800 (View on PubMed)

Jaeschke R, Singer J, Guyatt GH. Measurement of health status. Ascertaining the minimal clinically important difference. Control Clin Trials. 1989 Dec;10(4):407-15. doi: 10.1016/0197-2456(89)90005-6.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 2691207 (View on PubMed)

Guyatt GH, Osoba D, Wu AW, Wyrwich KW, Norman GR; Clinical Significance Consensus Meeting Group. Methods to explain the clinical significance of health status measures. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002 Apr;77(4):371-83. doi: 10.4065/77.4.371.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11936935 (View on PubMed)

Cella D, Hahn EA, Dineen K. Meaningful change in cancer-specific quality of life scores: differences between improvement and worsening. Qual Life Res. 2002 May;11(3):207-21. doi: 10.1023/a:1015276414526.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 12074259 (View on PubMed)

Brucker PS, Yost K, Cashy J, Webster K, Cella D. General population and cancer patient norms for the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G). Eval Health Prof. 2005 Jun;28(2):192-211. doi: 10.1177/0163278705275341.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 15851773 (View on PubMed)

Rege RV. Adverse effects of biliary obstruction: implications for treatment of patients with obstructive jaundice. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995 Feb;164(2):287-93. doi: 10.2214/ajr.164.2.7839957.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 7839957 (View on PubMed)

Kramer HJ. Impaired renal function in obstructive jaundice: roles of the thromboxane and endothelin systems. Nephron. 1997;77(1):1-12. doi: 10.1159/000190241.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 9380222 (View on PubMed)

Jiang WG, Puntis MC. Immune dysfunction in patients with obstructive jaundice, mediators and implications for treatments. HPB Surg. 1997;10(3):129-42. doi: 10.1155/1997/49076.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 9174857 (View on PubMed)

Cotton PB, Schmitt C. Quality of Life in palliative management of malignant obstructive jaundice. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1993;199:44-6. doi: 10.3109/00365529309098357.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 7513440 (View on PubMed)

Moss AC, Morris E, Leyden J, MacMathuna P. Malignant distal biliary obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of endoscopic and surgical bypass results. Cancer Treat Rev. 2007 Apr;33(2):213-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2006.10.006. Epub 2006 Dec 8.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 17157990 (View on PubMed)

Yeoh KG, Zimmerman MJ, Cunningham JT, Cotton PB. Comparative costs of metal versus plastic biliary stent strategies for malignant obstructive jaundice by decision analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999 Apr;49(4 Pt 1):466-71. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(99)70044-1.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 10202060 (View on PubMed)

Fitzsimmons D, Johnson CD. Quality of life after treatment of pancreatic cancer. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 1998 Apr;383(2):145-51. doi: 10.1007/s004230050106.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 9641887 (View on PubMed)

Barkay O, Mosler P, Schmitt CM, Lehman GA, Frakes JT, Johanson JF, Qaseem T, Howell DA, Sherman S. Effect of endoscopic stenting of malignant bile duct obstruction on quality of life. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013 Jul;47(6):526-31. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318272440e.

Reference Type DERIVED

PMID: 23269313 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

Review additional registry numbers or institutional identifiers associated with this trial.

9307-04

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

Stenting Malignant Jaundice for Quality of Life

Study Results

Basic Information

Brief Summary

Detailed Description

Conditions

Study Design

Study Groups

10 French Stent

ERCP with 10 French biliary plastic stent placement

11.5 French stent

ERCP with 11.5 French biliary plastic stent

Interventions

ERCP with 10 French biliary plastic stent placement

ERCP with 11.5 French biliary plastic stent

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Sponsors

American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

American College of Gastroenterology

Indiana University

Responsible Party

Principal Investigators

Stuart Sherman, MD

Glen A Lehman, MD

James Frankes, MD

John Johanson, MD

Tahir Qaseem, MD

Douglas Howell, MD

References

Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002 Jan-Feb;52(1):23-47. doi: 10.3322/canjclin.52.1.23.

Lowy AM. From bad to worse: prognostic factors in pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004 Feb;11(2):117-8. doi: 10.1245/aso.2004.12.930. No abstract available.

Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Boyle P (1998) Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. In: Howard J, Idezuki Y, Ihse I, Prinz R, eds. Surgical Diseases of the Pancreas. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 433-439

Speer AG, Cotton PB, Russell RC, Mason RR, Hatfield AR, Leung JW, MacRae KD, Houghton J, Lennon CA. Randomised trial of endoscopic versus percutaneous stent insertion in malignant obstructive jaundice. Lancet. 1987 Jul 11;2(8550):57-62. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92733-4.

Andersen JR, Sorensen SM, Kruse A, Rokkjaer M, Matzen P. Randomised trial of endoscopic endoprosthesis versus operative bypass in malignant obstructive jaundice. Gut. 1989 Aug;30(8):1132-5. doi: 10.1136/gut.30.8.1132.

Motte S, Deviere J, Dumonceau JM, Serruys E, Thys JP, Cremer M. Risk factors for septicemia following endoscopic biliary stenting. Gastroenterology. 1991 Nov;101(5):1374-81. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90091-x.

Tarnasky PR, Cunningham JT, Hawes RH, Hoffman BJ, Uflacker R, Vujic I, Cotton PB. Transpapillary stenting of proximal biliary strictures: does biliary sphincterotomy reduce the risk of postprocedure pancreatitis? Gastrointest Endosc. 1997 Jan;45(1):46-51. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(97)70301-8.

Margulies C, Siqueira ES, Silverman WB, Lin XS, Martin JA, Rabinovitz M, Slivka A. The effect of endoscopic sphincterotomy on acute and chronic complications of biliary endoprostheses. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999 Jun;49(6):716-9. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(99)70288-9.

Giorgio PD, Luca LD. Comparison of treatment outcomes between biliary plastic stent placements with and without endoscopic sphincterotomy for inoperable malignant common bile duct obstruction. World J Gastroenterol. 2004 Apr 15;10(8):1212-4. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i8.1212.

Johanson JF, Schmalz MJ, Geenen JE. Incidence and risk factors for biliary and pancreatic stent migration. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992 May-Jun;38(3):341-6. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(92)70429-5.

Speer AG, Cotton PB, Rode J, Seddon AM, Neal CR, Holton J, Costerton JW. Biliary stent blockage with bacterial biofilm. A light and electron microscopy study. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Apr;108(4):546-53. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-108-4-546.

Frakes JT, Johanson JF, Stake JJ. Optimal timing for stent replacement in malignant biliary tract obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 1993 Mar-Apr;39(2):164-7. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(93)70058-9.

Ballinger AB, McHugh M, Catnach SM, Alstead EM, Clark ML. Symptom relief and quality of life after stenting for malignant bile duct obstruction. Gut. 1994 Apr;35(4):467-70. doi: 10.1136/gut.35.4.467.

Pereira-Lima JC, Jakobs R, Maier M, Kohler B, Benz C, Martin WR, Riemann JF. Endoscopic stenting in obstructive jaundice due to liver metastases: does it have a benefit for the patient? Hepatogastroenterology. 1996 Jul-Aug;43(10):944-8.

Luman W, Cull A, Palmer KR. Quality of life in patients stented for malignant biliary obstructions. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 May;9(5):481-4. doi: 10.1097/00042737-199705000-00013.

Abraham NS, Barkun JS, Barkun AN. Palliation of malignant biliary obstruction: a prospective trial examining impact on quality of life. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002 Dec;56(6):835-41. doi: 10.1067/mge.2002.129868.

Wagh MS, de Bellis M, Fogel EL, Frakes JT, Johanson JF, Qaseem T, Howell DA, Lehman GA, Sherman S. Multicenter Randomized Trial of 10-French versus 11.5-French Plastic Stents for Malignant Biliary Obstruction. Diagn Ther Endosc. 2013;2013:891915. doi: 10.1155/2013/891915. Epub 2013 May 2.

Cella DF, Tulsky DS, Gray G, Sarafian B, Linn E, Bonomi A, Silberman M, Yellen SB, Winicour P, Brannon J, et al. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scale: development and validation of the general measure. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Mar;11(3):570-9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.3.570.

Cheung YB, Goh C, Thumboo J, Khoo KS, Wee J. Variability and sample size requirements of quality-of-life measures: a randomized study of three major questionnaires. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Aug 1;23(22):4936-44. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.07.141.

Steel JL, Eton DT, Cella D, Olek MC, Carr BI. Clinically meaningful changes in health-related quality of life in patients diagnosed with hepatobiliary carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2006 Feb;17(2):304-12. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdj072. Epub 2005 Dec 15.

Hahn EA, Cella D, (1997) Unbiased quality of life measurement across literacy levels and mode of administration. Qual Life Res 6:654.

Webster K, Cella D, Yost K. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) Measurement System: properties, applications, and interpretation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003 Dec 16;1:79. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-1-79.

Fairclough DL, Cella DF. Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT-G): non-response to individual questions. Qual Life Res. 1996 Jun;5(3):321-9. doi: 10.1007/BF00433916.

Jaeschke R, Singer J, Guyatt GH. Measurement of health status. Ascertaining the minimal clinically important difference. Control Clin Trials. 1989 Dec;10(4):407-15. doi: 10.1016/0197-2456(89)90005-6.

Guyatt GH, Osoba D, Wu AW, Wyrwich KW, Norman GR; Clinical Significance Consensus Meeting Group. Methods to explain the clinical significance of health status measures. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002 Apr;77(4):371-83. doi: 10.4065/77.4.371.

Cella D, Hahn EA, Dineen K. Meaningful change in cancer-specific quality of life scores: differences between improvement and worsening. Qual Life Res. 2002 May;11(3):207-21. doi: 10.1023/a:1015276414526.

Brucker PS, Yost K, Cashy J, Webster K, Cella D. General population and cancer patient norms for the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G). Eval Health Prof. 2005 Jun;28(2):192-211. doi: 10.1177/0163278705275341.

Rege RV. Adverse effects of biliary obstruction: implications for treatment of patients with obstructive jaundice. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995 Feb;164(2):287-93. doi: 10.2214/ajr.164.2.7839957.

Kramer HJ. Impaired renal function in obstructive jaundice: roles of the thromboxane and endothelin systems. Nephron. 1997;77(1):1-12. doi: 10.1159/000190241.

Jiang WG, Puntis MC. Immune dysfunction in patients with obstructive jaundice, mediators and implications for treatments. HPB Surg. 1997;10(3):129-42. doi: 10.1155/1997/49076.

Cotton PB, Schmitt C. Quality of Life in palliative management of malignant obstructive jaundice. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1993;199:44-6. doi: 10.3109/00365529309098357.

Moss AC, Morris E, Leyden J, MacMathuna P. Malignant distal biliary obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of endoscopic and surgical bypass results. Cancer Treat Rev. 2007 Apr;33(2):213-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2006.10.006. Epub 2006 Dec 8.

Yeoh KG, Zimmerman MJ, Cunningham JT, Cotton PB. Comparative costs of metal versus plastic biliary stent strategies for malignant obstructive jaundice by decision analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999 Apr;49(4 Pt 1):466-71. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(99)70044-1.

Fitzsimmons D, Johnson CD. Quality of life after treatment of pancreatic cancer. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 1998 Apr;383(2):145-51. doi: 10.1007/s004230050106.

Barkay O, Mosler P, Schmitt CM, Lehman GA, Frakes JT, Johanson JF, Qaseem T, Howell DA, Sherman S. Effect of endoscopic stenting of malignant bile duct obstruction on quality of life. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013 Jul;47(6):526-31. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318272440e.

Other Identifiers

9307-04