The Fitness, Game Bike Adherence, Motivation and Exercise Study
NCT ID: NCT01373762
Last Updated: 2014-12-15
Study Results
Results pending
The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.
Basic Information
Get a concise snapshot of the trial, including recruitment status, study phase, enrollment targets, and key timeline milestones.
Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Clinical Phase
NA
Total Enrollment
74 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2011-01-31
Study Completion Date
2014-05-31
Brief Summary
Review the sponsor-provided synopsis that highlights what the study is about and why it is being conducted.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether an interactive exercise videogame bike is effective in improving physical activity adherence, motivations to do physical activity, and physical fitness among families. Families receive either an interactive videogame bike and gaming console, or a traditional stationary bike which is placed in front of the television, to keep in their home for six months. It is expected that families within the videogame bike condition will show greater exercise adherence. It is also expected that these families will have higher self-reported physical activity levels, greater motivation to do physical activity, and improved cardiovascular fitness at the end of the three month period compared to the families in the stationary bike condition.
Detailed Description
Dive into the extended narrative that explains the scientific background, objectives, and procedures in greater depth.
Short title: Fit Game: Fitness \& Game Bike Adherence, Motivation and Exercise Study
Study period: 3 years Clinical phase: Phase III trial
Background:
Cancer is a significant economic burden in Canada, through direct costs to the health-care system (e.g., care and rehabilitation related to disease) and indirectly through lost economic output (e.g., missed work due to illness, premature death). At least half of all new cancer cases and deaths worldwide can be prevented, thus it is imperative that primary prevention become a focus of research. Recent research suggests a strong relationship between physical activity and many of the most prevalent forms of cancer including breast, lung, and colon cancer (i.e., the more an individual exercises the less likely they are to develop cancer). Despite these findings, over half of the Canadian population fails to meet levels of physical activity recommended as a preventative measure. Additionally, it has been found that the largest declines in physical activity occur early in life; thus, promotion efforts targeting critical transitions to physical inactivity early in life are paramount. Findings from a Canadian Community Health Survey note that only 21% of Canadian youth are accumulating enough daily activity to meet international guidelines for optimal growth and development. As well, national cross-sectional and cohort studies on physical inactivity/overweight prevalence demonstrate that the most prominent deflection point is between ages 25 to 35, and this has been linked convincingly to the demands of parenthood. Thus, two important target groups for disease prevention are parents and their children through family-based physical activity initiatives. Unfortunately, interventions of this type are limited and have resulted in little changes in physical activity. Previous studies have focused heavily on education about the benefits/barriers of physical activity, followed by a self-monitoring and self-regulatory (e.g., goal-setting) component. One area that has been overlooked when trying to increase physical activity participation among youth, despite its reliable and robust association with physical activity, is the modification of affective expectations or judgements (expected pleasure or enjoyment).
The introduction of new, enjoyable, and engaging exercise activities may present a novel approach to increase physical activity. One group of activities with this potential is interactive exercise video gaming including games such as the Game Bike system, Sony PlayStation EyeToy, and Nintendo Wii. These games allow players to interact physically (using leg, arm, or whole-body movement) in response to some on-screen virtual activity and provide a controlled opportunity for physical activity and exercise in a family environment.
Emerging evidence suggests that these games can significantly increase energy expenditure similar to moderate to vigorous intensity physical activities that can translate into health-related fitness improvements. Our systematic review of existing active video game interventions highlight the potential of this approach to increase physical activity in children and young people. Additionally, our previous research with these games has also demonstrated the health-related fitness gains even when compared to standard cycling conditions.
Despite these positive effects, there is very little information present to understand adherence to exercise videogames (EV). Our own research with university-aged males showed that an intervention group using an interactive Game bike attended 30% more sessions than a control group using traditional stationary exercise bikes. Even fewer studies on EV have evaluated the motivational properties of these games and the potential reasons for this improved adherence over control physical activity conditions. Only two studies have measured psychological constructs to examine effects of EV on motivation. Results of our previous work suggests that EV can effectively change affective judgments about physical activity and subsequent behaviour unlike most prior intervention efforts.
Despite early positive findings, EV research has notable limitations. First, the populations employed in EV research have been limited to convenience samples of male undergraduate students. Research needs to expand to other samples in order to examine the reach of EV. Second, EV research has almost been exclusively conducted in a laboratory setting. While helpful for initial pilot/efficacy phase research, EV research needs to be conducted in ecologically valid locations. The family home seems an excellent test for whether EVs can still affect psychological, behavioural, and fitness outcomes when situated in a naturalistic location with other leisure-time stimuli. Finally, the length of EV trials has been limited to six-week longitudinal tests or single exposure examinations. Trials of longer duration would be very helpful to examine continuing interest in EV and subsequent adherence. It may be that EV provides a powerful novel experience in the short term but wanes similar to other exercise initiatives across time. Our proposed study will overcome these past limitations and advance the current knowledge of EV.
Objectives:
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of an interactive exercise video bike (i.e., Active Cycle) in comparison to a stationary bike (Active Cycle without the videogame controllers) in front of a TV on physical fitness, use of the bikes, and perceptions of the bikes. We will also explore whether season (winter/summer), age (parents/kids) and gender (males/females) affect the use of the various bikes.
Study population:
The targeted population will be inactive families within the Greater Victoria Area, British Columbia and the Greater Halifax Area, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Number of subjects:
A total of 160 families will be recruited (n=80 per group). 120 families will be recruited at the Greater Victoria site. The remainder will be recruited from Greater Halifax.
Each family in the EV-interactive condition will receive a videogame bike (Hogan Health Industries, West Jordan, Utah) that will be linked into the family's Sony Playstation 2 or 3® (Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc, Foster City, California). If the family does not own a Sony Playstation 2 or 3® it will be provided to them for the duration of the intervention. Families will choose five videogames from a variety of Sony Playstation 2 or 3® videogames. At 3 months, families will be given the opportunity to select five new videogames, if they wish. Each family in the control group will receive a traditional stationary bike (i.e., an Active Cycle without the videogame controllers) which will be placed in front of their television.
Statistical methods:
Study power:
A sample size of 160 families (80 per group) will be recruited to detect a small-medium effect size (f2 = .10) in adherence to physical activity (primary outcome) with a type one error of .05, an average correlation of .75 across time for our dependent variable (DV) of interest, and a power of .80. Our sample size also considers the main 2 (group) x 2 (parent/child) x 4 (time)repeated measures design and a potential 15% attrition rate. The prediction-based research will be examined by group condition as well as via the collapsed sample for mediation analyses. Considering an average of 5 predictor independent variables (Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) or Self-Determination Theory (SDT) models), and using a small-medium effect size (f2 = .10) we will have sufficient power (.80) to evaluate these predictors at an alpha of .05.
Statistical analysis:
Intention to treat analysis will be used to evaluate the main treatment effect. Missing data in the primary outcome measures will be imputed using a pre-specified approach. Research question 1 will be analyzed using a 2 (condition) x 4 (time) repeated measures factorial ANOVA on the primary outcome of child adherence to the bikes. A child (i.e., the target child) from each household in the eligibility range will serve for this analysis (chosen through randomization procedures). Post hoc examinations using Tukey follow-up procedures will be utilized if necessary.
Our secondary objectives (parent; parent/child; gender; season; fitness variables, etc.), will also be analyzed using a variant of this design with the addition of factors. Cluster analysis/Hierarchical Linear Modelling will be used for parent/child collinearity. Our pilot study (r = .21) and prior research suggests limited collinearity but it is appropriate to explore findings with these approaches given these are naturally clustered environments (i.e., family home). Prediction using our models (TPB, SDT) and questions of mediation will be achieved via multiple regression analyses following standard procedures for these types of tests.
The qualitative analyses will incorporate the following processes: 1) Invite participants to review the transcripts of interviews, and summarize their perception of the data, for accuracy, and check for the trustworthiness of the data; 2) Conduct a thematic analysis using a reciprocal coding approach where researchers engage in open dialogue about themes and data interpretation. In doing so, each transcript is first reviewed independently, then through dialogue composite themes and related critical issues are developed; and 3) Manage the data using the NVivo software program. NVivo enables theory building, testing and elaboration. With NVivo, 'free nodes' can be created during the coding process, capturing participants' perspectives and the investigators' critical issues.
Study period: 3 years Clinical phase: Phase III trial
Background:
Cancer is a significant economic burden in Canada, through direct costs to the health-care system (e.g., care and rehabilitation related to disease) and indirectly through lost economic output (e.g., missed work due to illness, premature death). At least half of all new cancer cases and deaths worldwide can be prevented, thus it is imperative that primary prevention become a focus of research. Recent research suggests a strong relationship between physical activity and many of the most prevalent forms of cancer including breast, lung, and colon cancer (i.e., the more an individual exercises the less likely they are to develop cancer). Despite these findings, over half of the Canadian population fails to meet levels of physical activity recommended as a preventative measure. Additionally, it has been found that the largest declines in physical activity occur early in life; thus, promotion efforts targeting critical transitions to physical inactivity early in life are paramount. Findings from a Canadian Community Health Survey note that only 21% of Canadian youth are accumulating enough daily activity to meet international guidelines for optimal growth and development. As well, national cross-sectional and cohort studies on physical inactivity/overweight prevalence demonstrate that the most prominent deflection point is between ages 25 to 35, and this has been linked convincingly to the demands of parenthood. Thus, two important target groups for disease prevention are parents and their children through family-based physical activity initiatives. Unfortunately, interventions of this type are limited and have resulted in little changes in physical activity. Previous studies have focused heavily on education about the benefits/barriers of physical activity, followed by a self-monitoring and self-regulatory (e.g., goal-setting) component. One area that has been overlooked when trying to increase physical activity participation among youth, despite its reliable and robust association with physical activity, is the modification of affective expectations or judgements (expected pleasure or enjoyment).
The introduction of new, enjoyable, and engaging exercise activities may present a novel approach to increase physical activity. One group of activities with this potential is interactive exercise video gaming including games such as the Game Bike system, Sony PlayStation EyeToy, and Nintendo Wii. These games allow players to interact physically (using leg, arm, or whole-body movement) in response to some on-screen virtual activity and provide a controlled opportunity for physical activity and exercise in a family environment.
Emerging evidence suggests that these games can significantly increase energy expenditure similar to moderate to vigorous intensity physical activities that can translate into health-related fitness improvements. Our systematic review of existing active video game interventions highlight the potential of this approach to increase physical activity in children and young people. Additionally, our previous research with these games has also demonstrated the health-related fitness gains even when compared to standard cycling conditions.
Despite these positive effects, there is very little information present to understand adherence to exercise videogames (EV). Our own research with university-aged males showed that an intervention group using an interactive Game bike attended 30% more sessions than a control group using traditional stationary exercise bikes. Even fewer studies on EV have evaluated the motivational properties of these games and the potential reasons for this improved adherence over control physical activity conditions. Only two studies have measured psychological constructs to examine effects of EV on motivation. Results of our previous work suggests that EV can effectively change affective judgments about physical activity and subsequent behaviour unlike most prior intervention efforts.
Despite early positive findings, EV research has notable limitations. First, the populations employed in EV research have been limited to convenience samples of male undergraduate students. Research needs to expand to other samples in order to examine the reach of EV. Second, EV research has almost been exclusively conducted in a laboratory setting. While helpful for initial pilot/efficacy phase research, EV research needs to be conducted in ecologically valid locations. The family home seems an excellent test for whether EVs can still affect psychological, behavioural, and fitness outcomes when situated in a naturalistic location with other leisure-time stimuli. Finally, the length of EV trials has been limited to six-week longitudinal tests or single exposure examinations. Trials of longer duration would be very helpful to examine continuing interest in EV and subsequent adherence. It may be that EV provides a powerful novel experience in the short term but wanes similar to other exercise initiatives across time. Our proposed study will overcome these past limitations and advance the current knowledge of EV.
Objectives:
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of an interactive exercise video bike (i.e., Active Cycle) in comparison to a stationary bike (Active Cycle without the videogame controllers) in front of a TV on physical fitness, use of the bikes, and perceptions of the bikes. We will also explore whether season (winter/summer), age (parents/kids) and gender (males/females) affect the use of the various bikes.
Study population:
The targeted population will be inactive families within the Greater Victoria Area, British Columbia and the Greater Halifax Area, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Number of subjects:
A total of 160 families will be recruited (n=80 per group). 120 families will be recruited at the Greater Victoria site. The remainder will be recruited from Greater Halifax.
Each family in the EV-interactive condition will receive a videogame bike (Hogan Health Industries, West Jordan, Utah) that will be linked into the family's Sony Playstation 2 or 3® (Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc, Foster City, California). If the family does not own a Sony Playstation 2 or 3® it will be provided to them for the duration of the intervention. Families will choose five videogames from a variety of Sony Playstation 2 or 3® videogames. At 3 months, families will be given the opportunity to select five new videogames, if they wish. Each family in the control group will receive a traditional stationary bike (i.e., an Active Cycle without the videogame controllers) which will be placed in front of their television.
Statistical methods:
Study power:
A sample size of 160 families (80 per group) will be recruited to detect a small-medium effect size (f2 = .10) in adherence to physical activity (primary outcome) with a type one error of .05, an average correlation of .75 across time for our dependent variable (DV) of interest, and a power of .80. Our sample size also considers the main 2 (group) x 2 (parent/child) x 4 (time)repeated measures design and a potential 15% attrition rate. The prediction-based research will be examined by group condition as well as via the collapsed sample for mediation analyses. Considering an average of 5 predictor independent variables (Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) or Self-Determination Theory (SDT) models), and using a small-medium effect size (f2 = .10) we will have sufficient power (.80) to evaluate these predictors at an alpha of .05.
Statistical analysis:
Intention to treat analysis will be used to evaluate the main treatment effect. Missing data in the primary outcome measures will be imputed using a pre-specified approach. Research question 1 will be analyzed using a 2 (condition) x 4 (time) repeated measures factorial ANOVA on the primary outcome of child adherence to the bikes. A child (i.e., the target child) from each household in the eligibility range will serve for this analysis (chosen through randomization procedures). Post hoc examinations using Tukey follow-up procedures will be utilized if necessary.
Our secondary objectives (parent; parent/child; gender; season; fitness variables, etc.), will also be analyzed using a variant of this design with the addition of factors. Cluster analysis/Hierarchical Linear Modelling will be used for parent/child collinearity. Our pilot study (r = .21) and prior research suggests limited collinearity but it is appropriate to explore findings with these approaches given these are naturally clustered environments (i.e., family home). Prediction using our models (TPB, SDT) and questions of mediation will be achieved via multiple regression analyses following standard procedures for these types of tests.
The qualitative analyses will incorporate the following processes: 1) Invite participants to review the transcripts of interviews, and summarize their perception of the data, for accuracy, and check for the trustworthiness of the data; 2) Conduct a thematic analysis using a reciprocal coding approach where researchers engage in open dialogue about themes and data interpretation. In doing so, each transcript is first reviewed independently, then through dialogue composite themes and related critical issues are developed; and 3) Manage the data using the NVivo software program. NVivo enables theory building, testing and elaboration. With NVivo, 'free nodes' can be created during the coding process, capturing participants' perspectives and the investigators' critical issues.
Conditions
See the medical conditions and disease areas that this research is targeting or investigating.
Physical Activity
Keywords
Explore important study keywords that can help with search, categorization, and topic discovery.
Adherence
Motivation
Health-related fitness
Exercise videogames
Physical Activity
Study Design
Understand how the trial is structured, including allocation methods, masking strategies, primary purpose, and other design elements.
Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Primary Study Purpose
PREVENTION
Blinding Strategy
SINGLE
Investigators
Study Groups
Review each arm or cohort in the study, along with the interventions and objectives associated with them.
Exercise Videogame Bike
Families in this group will receive an interactive exercise videogame bike (ie. the Active Cycle) to keep in their home for three months.
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Exercise Videogame Bikes
Intervention Type
BEHAVIORAL
The intervention group will receive an exercise videogame bike that will be linked into their Sony Playstation 2® (Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc, Foster City, California). The Active Cycle® system reads the participant's cycling cadence which, in combination with a handlebar-mounted game controller, allows each participant to play a variety of Sony Playstation 2 and 3® videogames while exercising. The control-distraction group will receive a traditional stationary bike (i.e., same bike as the Active Cycle, but without the videogame controllers), which will be placed in front of their television. The recommended exercise training regime for both conditions will be activity of moderate intensity exercise (i.e., 60 to 75% of heart rate reserve), 3 days/week for 30 minutes/day.
Stationary Bike
Families will receive a stationary bike to keep in their home for three months. It is required that the family places the stationary bike (Active Cycle without video game controllers) in front of a television.
Group Type
OTHER
Exercise Videogame Bikes
Intervention Type
BEHAVIORAL
The intervention group will receive an exercise videogame bike that will be linked into their Sony Playstation 2® (Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc, Foster City, California). The Active Cycle® system reads the participant's cycling cadence which, in combination with a handlebar-mounted game controller, allows each participant to play a variety of Sony Playstation 2 and 3® videogames while exercising. The control-distraction group will receive a traditional stationary bike (i.e., same bike as the Active Cycle, but without the videogame controllers), which will be placed in front of their television. The recommended exercise training regime for both conditions will be activity of moderate intensity exercise (i.e., 60 to 75% of heart rate reserve), 3 days/week for 30 minutes/day.
Interventions
Learn about the drugs, procedures, or behavioral strategies being tested and how they are applied within this trial.
Exercise Videogame Bikes
The intervention group will receive an exercise videogame bike that will be linked into their Sony Playstation 2® (Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc, Foster City, California). The Active Cycle® system reads the participant's cycling cadence which, in combination with a handlebar-mounted game controller, allows each participant to play a variety of Sony Playstation 2 and 3® videogames while exercising. The control-distraction group will receive a traditional stationary bike (i.e., same bike as the Active Cycle, but without the videogame controllers), which will be placed in front of their television. The recommended exercise training regime for both conditions will be activity of moderate intensity exercise (i.e., 60 to 75% of heart rate reserve), 3 days/week for 30 minutes/day.
Intervention Type
BEHAVIORAL
Other Intervention Names
Discover alternative or legacy names that may be used to describe the listed interventions across different sources.
Active Cycle (recumbent style), Hogan Health Industries, Inc
Eligibility Criteria
Check the participation requirements, including inclusion and exclusion rules, age limits, and whether healthy volunteers are accepted.
Inclusion Criteria
* Married or common law parents with children between the ages of 10 and 14
* self-report low family physical activity
* At least 1 parent is not meeting Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines
* Target child is not meeting Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines
* self-report low family physical activity
* At least 1 parent is not meeting Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines
* Target child is not meeting Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines
Exclusion Criteria
* Participant is unsafe to participate in physical activity as determined by answers to the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q)
Minimum Eligible Age
10 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Yes
Sponsors
Meet the organizations funding or collaborating on the study and learn about their roles.
Canadian Cancer Society (CCS)
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
University of British Columbia
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Dalhousie University
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
University of Auckland, New Zealand
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
University of Victoria
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
Identify the individual or organization who holds primary responsibility for the study information submitted to regulators.
Ryan Rhodes
Professor
Responsibility Role
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Principal Investigators
Learn about the lead researchers overseeing the trial and their institutional affiliations.
Dr. Ryan R Rhodes, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
University of Victoria
Dr. Chris Blanchard, PhD
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
Dalhousie University
Dr. Ralph Maddison, PhD
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
University of Auckland, New Zealand
Dr. Darren Warburton, PhD
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
University of British Columbia
Dr. Shannon Bredin, PhD
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
University of British Columbia
Dr. Mark Beauchamp, PhD
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
University of British Columbia
Locations
Explore where the study is taking place and check the recruitment status at each participating site.
Behavioural Medicine Laboratory
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Site Status
Cardiovascular Research Unit
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Site Status
Countries
Review the countries where the study has at least one active or historical site.
Canada
References
Explore related publications, articles, or registry entries linked to this study.
Health Canada. Economic burden of illness in Canada 1998. Ottawa: Health Canada, 2002.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Harvard Report on Cancer Prevention. Volume 1: Causes of human cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 1996 Nov;7 Suppl 1:S3-59. doi: 10.1007/BF02352719. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Adami HO, Day NE, Trichopoulos D, Willett WC. Primary and secondary prevention in the reduction of cancer morbidity and mortality. Eur J Cancer. 2001 Oct;37 Suppl 8:S118-27. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00262-3.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Health Canada. Canadian tobacco use monitoring survey (CTUMS) 2008, 2008.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Monninkhof EM, Elias SG, Vlems FA, van der Tweel I, Schuit AJ, Voskuil DW, van Leeuwen FE; TFPAC. Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review. Epidemiology. 2007 Jan;18(1):137-57. doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000251167.75581.98.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Tardon A, Lee WJ, Delgado-Rodriguez M, Dosemeci M, Albanes D, Hoover R, Blair A. Leisure-time physical activity and lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2005 May;16(4):389-97. doi: 10.1007/s10552-004-5026-9.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Harriss DJ, Atkinson G, Batterham A, George K, Cable NT, Reilly T, Haboubi N, Renehan AG; Colorectal Cancer, Lifestyle, Exercise And Research Group. Lifestyle factors and colorectal cancer risk (2): a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations with leisure-time physical activity. Colorectal Dis. 2009 Sep;11(7):689-701. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01767.x. Epub 2009 Jan 17.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kushi LH, Byers T, Doyle C, Bandera EV, McCullough M, McTiernan A, Gansler T, Andrews KS, Thun MJ; American Cancer Society 2006 Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006 Sep-Oct;56(5):254-81; quiz 313-4. doi: 10.3322/canjclin.56.5.254.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Health Canada. Health Canada's Physical Activity Guide. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/lifestyles/physical_activity.html. Accessed August, 2004.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute. Increasing physical activity: Trends for planning effective communication. http://www.cflri.ca/cflri/resources/pub.php#2003capacity. Accessed February 24, 2006.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Friedenreich CM. Physical activity and cancer prevention: from observational to intervention research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001 Apr;10(4):287-301.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Jedwab J. Actively Canadian: Who's the most active of us all?: Association for Canadian Studies; 2005.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey 1994-2003. http://www.acs-aec.ca/Polls/Physical%20Activity%20and%20Obesity.pdf. Accessed April 13, 2005.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
O'Connor TM, Jago R, Baranowski T. Engaging parents to increase youth physical activity a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2009 Aug;37(2):141-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.04.020.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Gustafson SL, Rhodes RE. Parental correlates of physical activity in children and early adolescents. Sports Med. 2006;36(1):79-97. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200636010-00006.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Statistics_Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey 1994-2003. http://www.acs-aec.ca/Polls/Physical%20Activity%20and%20Obesity.pdf. Accessed April 13, 2005.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Bellows-Riecken KH, Rhodes RE. A birth of inactivity? A review of physical activity and parenthood. Prev Med. 2008 Feb;46(2):99-110. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.003. Epub 2007 Aug 15.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rhodes RE, Symons Downs D, Bellows Riecken KH. Delivering inactivity: A review of physical activity and the transition to motherhood. In: Allerton LT, Rutherfode GP, eds. Exercise and Women's Health Research. Hauppauge, NY: Earthlink Science Press; 2008:105-127.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Dishman RK, Buckworth J. Increasing physical activity: a quantitative synthesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996 Jun;28(6):706-19. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199606000-00010.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kahn EB, Ramsey LT, Brownson RC, Heath GW, Howze EH, Powell KE, Stone EJ, Rajab MW, Corso P. The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity. A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2002 May;22(4 Suppl):73-107. doi: 10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00434-8.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
van Sluijs EM, McMinn AM, Griffin SJ. Effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in children and adolescents: systematic review of controlled trials. BMJ. 2007 Oct 6;335(7622):703. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39320.843947.BE. Epub 2007 Sep 20.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Fishbein M, Triandis HC, Kanfer FH, Becker M, Middlestadt SE, Eichler A. Factors influencing behavior and behavior change. In: Baum A, Revenson TA, eds. Handbook of health psychology. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2001:3-17.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Davison KK, Birch LL. Childhood overweight: a contextual model and recommendations for future research. Obes Rev. 2001 Aug;2(3):159-71. doi: 10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00036.x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rhodes RE, Fiala B, Conner M. A review and meta-analysis of affective judgments and physical activity in adult populations. Ann Behav Med. 2009 Dec;38(3):180-204. doi: 10.1007/s12160-009-9147-y.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Maddison R, Mhurchu CN, Jull A, Jiang Y, Prapavessis H, Rodgers A. Energy expended playing video console games: an opportunity to increase children's physical activity? Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2007 Aug;19(3):334-43. doi: 10.1123/pes.19.3.334.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Sell K, Lillie T, Taylor J. Energy expenditure during physically interactive video game playing in male college students with different playing experience. J Am Coll Health. 2008 Mar-Apr;56(5):505-11. doi: 10.3200/JACH.56.5.505-512.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Widman LM, McDonald CM, Abresch RT. Effectiveness of an upper extremity exercise device integrated with computer gaming for aerobic training in adolescents with spinal cord dysfunction. J Spinal Cord Med. 2006;29(4):363-70. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2006.11753884.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Warburton DE, Bredin SS, Horita LT, Zbogar D, Scott JM, Esch BT, Rhodes RE. The health benefits of interactive video game exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007 Aug;32(4):655-63. doi: 10.1139/H07-038.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Mark R, Rhodes RE, Warburton DER, Bredin SSG. Interactive video games and physical activity: A review of literature and future directions. Health and Fitness Journal of Canada. in press.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Warburton DE, Sarkany D, Johnson M, Rhodes RE, Whitford W, Esch BT, Scott JM, Wong SC, Bredin SS. Metabolic requirements of interactive video game cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Apr;41(4):920-6. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31819012bd.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rhodes RE, Warburton DE, Bredin SS. Predicting the effect of interactive video bikes on exercise adherence: An efficacy trial. Psychol Health Med. 2009 Dec;14(6):631-40. doi: 10.1080/13548500903281088.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Annesi JJ, Mazas J. Effects of virtual reality-enhanced exercise equipment on adherence and exercise-induced feeling states. Percept Mot Skills. 1997 Dec;85(3 Pt 1):835-44. doi: 10.2466/pms.1997.85.3.835.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Baranowski T, Anderson C, Carmack C. Mediating variable framework in physical activity interventions. How are we doing? How might we do better? Am J Prev Med. 1998 Nov;15(4):266-97. doi: 10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00080-4.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50:179-211, 1991.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM, Matheson DH. A multicomponent model of the theory of planned behaviour. Br J Health Psychol. 2006 Feb;11(Pt 1):119-37. doi: 10.1348/135910705X52633.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rhodes RE, Courneya KS. Investigating multiple components of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived control: an examination of the theory of planned behaviour in the exercise domain. Br J Soc Psychol. 2003 Mar;42(Pt 1):129-46. doi: 10.1348/014466603763276162.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Deci EL, Ryan RM. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press; 1985.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Hagger M, Chatzisarantis NLD, eds. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Exercise and Sport. Champaign, IL.: Human Kinetics; 2007.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Standage M, Duda JL, Ntoumanis N. Students' motivational processes and their relationship to teacher ratings in school physical education: a self-determination theory approach. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2006 Mar;77(1):100-10. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2006.10599336.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Lonsdale C, Sabiston CM, Raedeke TD, Ha AS, Sum RK. Self-determined motivation and students' physical activity during structured physical education lessons and free choice periods. Prev Med. 2009 Jan;48(1):69-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.09.013. Epub 2008 Oct 19.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Deci EL, Ryan RM. The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behaviour. Psychological Inquiry. 2000;11:227-268.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Armitage CJ, Conner M. Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: a meta-analytic review. Br J Soc Psychol. 2001 Dec;40(Pt 4):471-99. doi: 10.1348/014466601164939.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Hagger M, Chatzisarantis NLD, Biddle SJH. A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: Predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2002;24:1-12.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Hausenblas HA, Carron AV, Mack DE. Application of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior to exercise behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 1997;19:36-51.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Godin G, Kok G. The theory of planned behavior: a review of its applications to health-related behaviors. Am J Health Promot. 1996 Nov-Dec;11(2):87-98. doi: 10.4278/0890-1171-11.2.87.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rhodes RE, Courneya KS. Self-efficacy, controllability, and intention in the theory of planned behavior: Measurement redundancy or causal independence? Psychology and Health. 2003;18:79-91.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rhodes RE, Courneya KS. Differentiating motivation and control in the theory of planned behavior. Psychology, Health and Medicine. 2004;9:205-215.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Ajzen I. Construction of a theory of planned behavior intervention. http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~aizen/pdf/tpb.intervention.pdf. Accessed April 4, 2007.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
French DP, Sutton S, Hennings SJ, et al. The importance of affective beliefs and attitudes in the theory of planned behavior: Predicting intention to increase physical activity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2005;35:1824-1848.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Lawton R, Conner M, McEachan R. Desire or reason: predicting health behaviors from affective and cognitive attitudes. Health Psychol. 2009 Jan;28(1):56-65. doi: 10.1037/a0013424.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Lowe R, Eves F, Carroll D. The influence of affective and instrumental beliefs on exercise intentions and behavior: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2002;32:1241-1252.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kraft P, Rise J, Sutton S, Roysamb E. Perceived difficulty in the theory of planned behaviour: perceived behavioural control or affective attitude? Br J Soc Psychol. 2005 Sep;44(Pt 3):479-96. doi: 10.1348/014466604X17533.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Public Health Agency of Canada. Canada's family guide to physical activity (6-9 years of age); 2002.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992 Jul;112(1):155-9. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
GPOWER: A priori, post hoc, and compromise power analyses for MS DOS [computer program]. Version 2.0. Bonn, Germany: Dept. of Psychology; 1992.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
ACSM. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Baltimore, Maryland: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
King AC, Stokols D, Talen E, Brassington GS, Killingsworth R. Theoretical approaches to the promotion of physical activity: forging a transdisciplinary paradigm. Am J Prev Med. 2002 Aug;23(2 Suppl):15-25. doi: 10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00470-1.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Travers KD. The social organization of nutritional inequities. Soc Sci Med. 1996 Aug;43(4):543-53. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00436-x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Travers KD. Using qualitative research to understand the socio-cultural origins of diabetes among Cape Breton Mi'kmaq. Chronic Diseases in Canada. 1995;16:140-143.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Dumas JE, Lynch AM, Laughlin JE, Phillips Smith E, Prinz RJ. Promoting intervention fidelity. Conceptual issues, methods, and preliminary results from the EARLY ALLIANCE prevention trial. Am J Prev Med. 2001 Jan;20(1 Suppl):38-47. doi: 10.1016/s0749-3797(00)00272-5.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Plummer ML, Wight D, Obasi AI, Wamoyi J, Mshana G, Todd J, Mazige BC, Makokha M, Hayes RJ, Ross DA. A process evaluation of a school-based adolescent sexual health intervention in rural Tanzania: the MEMA kwa Vijana programme. Health Educ Res. 2007 Aug;22(4):500-12. doi: 10.1093/her/cyl103. Epub 2006 Oct 3.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Benoit C, Jansson M, Leadbeater B, McCarthy B. The Impact of Stigma on Marginalized Populations' Work, Health and Access to Services. Canadian Institutes of Health Research; 2002-2005.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Brown SG, Rhodes RE. Relationships among dog ownership and leisure-time walking in Western Canadian adults. Am J Prev Med. 2006 Feb;30(2):131-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.10.007.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rhodes RE, Plotnikoff RC. Can current physical activity act as a reasonable proxy measure of future physical activity? Evaluating cross-sectional and passive prospective designs with the use of social cognition models. Prev Med. 2005 May;40(5):547-55. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.07.016.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rhodes RE, Macdonald HM, McKay HA. Predicting physical activity intention and behaviour among children in a longitudinal sample. Soc Sci Med. 2006 Jun;62(12):3146-56. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.051. Epub 2006 Jan 9.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Markland D, Tobin V. A modification to the behavioral regulation in exercise questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. 2004;26:191-196.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Wilson PM, Rodgers WM. The relationship between perceived autonomy support, exercise regulations and behavioral intentions in women. Psychology of Sport & Exercise. 2004;5:229-242.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Gillison FB, Standage M, Skevington SM. Relationships among adolescents' weight perceptions, exercise goals, exercise motivation, quality of life and leisure-time exercise behaviour: a self-determination theory approach. Health Educ Res. 2006 Dec;21(6):836-47. doi: 10.1093/her/cyl139. Epub 2006 Nov 13.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Godin G, Jobin J, Bouillon J. Assessment of leisure time exercise behavior by self-report: a concurrent validity study. Can J Public Health. 1986 Sep-Oct;77(5):359-62. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Godin G, Shephard RJ. A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1985 Sep;10(3):141-6.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Jacobs DR Jr, Ainsworth BE, Hartman TJ, Leon AS. A simultaneous evaluation of 10 commonly used physical activity questionnaires. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 Jan;25(1):81-91. doi: 10.1249/00005768-199301000-00012.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Crocker PR, Bailey DA, Faulkner RA, Kowalski KC, McGrath R. Measuring general levels of physical activity: preliminary evidence for the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997 Oct;29(10):1344-9. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199710000-00011.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The Satisfaction With Life Scale. J Pers Assess. 1985 Feb;49(1):71-5. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Gadermann AM, Schonert-Reichl KA, Zumbo BD. Investigating Validity evidence of the Satisfaction with Life Scale Adapted for Children. Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement. in press.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Allison PD. Missing Data. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications; 2002.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Chuang JH, Hripcsak G, Heitjan DF. Design and analysis of controlled trials in naturally clustered environments: implications for medical informatics. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2002 May-Jun;9(3):230-8. doi: 10.1197/jamia.m0997.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986 Dec;51(6):1173-82. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Cohen J, Cohen P. Applied multiple regression / correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1983.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Aiken LS, West SG. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1991.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Patton MQ. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. second ed. Newbury Park, NJ: Sage; 1990.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Crabtree BF, Miller WL. Doing Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1992.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Morales. Nintendo's Wii scores big sales. Tech bytes; 2007.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Entertainment Software Association. Industry Facts; 2009.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Manske SR. Explaining knowledge use among clients of the Program Training & Consultation Centre. Paper presented at: Toronto, 2001; University of Toronto.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Lee RG, Garvin T. Moving from information transfer to information exchange in health and health care. Soc Sci Med. 2003 Feb;56(3):449-64. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00045-x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Rhodes RE, Beauchamp MR, Blanchard CM, Bredin SSD, Warburton DER, Maddison R. Use of in-home stationary cycling equipment among parents in a family-based randomized trial intervention. J Sci Med Sport. 2018 Oct;21(10):1050-1056. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.03.013. Epub 2018 Apr 3.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Other Identifiers
Review additional registry numbers or institutional identifiers associated with this trial.
CCS-21041
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id