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Solar Disinfection (SODIS) of Drinking Water for Use in Developing Countries or in Emergency Situations

NCT ID: NCT01306383

Last Updated: 2011-11-10

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

NA

Total Enrollment

2400 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2008-06-30

Study Completion Date

2010-05-31

Brief Summary

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SODISWATER was a health impact assessment study investigating the effect of sunlight to inactivate microbial pathogens in drinking water. This study was carried out by observing whether children younger than 5 years old who drink solar disinfected water were healthier than those who did not. Health was measured by how often the children had diarrhoea or dysentery.

Caregivers for the participants were given plastic bottles to place in the sun, water samples were then collected from these plastic bottles to be analyzed. They were also requested to fill in diarrhea diaries.

TESTABLE RESEARCH HYPOTHESES:

Health Impact Assessment: Children who use solar disinfected water will have:

(a) lower morbidity due to non-bloody diarrhoea and bloody diarrhoea (c) increased growth rates (d) lower mortality (e) increased family productivity (f) decreased care-giver burden (g) increased school attendance

Detailed Description

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The current evidence base for solar disinfection in the prevention of diarrhoeal disease in children rests on three published studies. All share two significant weaknesses: all were carried out in Kenya, in communities which have very high incidences of diarrhoeal disease and water characterised by high levels of both turbidity and microbial contamination. Furthermore, neither of the studies of diarrhoeal disease distinguished between dysentery (associated with significant risk of mortality) and other sorts of diarrhoea, which carry a far lower risk. The present study will extend the evidence base into communities at lower risk and with higher water quality. Furthermore, by using pictorial diaries, dysentery can be analysed as a specific health endpoint. Diarrhoea will be recorded consistent with the World Health organisation definition: three or more loose or watery stools in a 24-hour period and/or stools containing blood or mucus.

AIM OF THE PROJECT IN RELATION TO HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDIES:

The primary aim of the SODISWATER PROJECT is to demonstrate that SODIS is an appropriate intervention against diarrhoeal and waterborne disease among communities in developing countries and those affected by natural or man-made disasters by conducting multi-centred epidemiologically controlled Health Impact Assessments of the SODIS technique across the African Continent under a variety of social, geographical and climactic conditions.

SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES OF SODISWATER IN RELATION TO HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDIES:

1. Assessment of the change in health reasonably attributed to the provision of solar disinfected drinking water at the point of use in 3 countries (Kenya, Zimbabwe and Cambodia).
2. Assessment of the relationship between solar disinfected drinking water and selected health indicators (including morbidity due to non-bloody diarrhoea and dysentery, weight loss, mortality, growth rates, productivity, care-giver burden, and school attendance. Mortality will also be monitored but the sample sizes are of insufficient size to produce detailed information and scaling up, to account for this is not possible due to prohibitive costs).
3. Demonstration of the effectiveness of SODIS at household level.

Conditions

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Dysentery Diarrhoea

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

PREVENTION

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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SODIS Bottles given

Caregivers in the intervention group were given two 2-litre plastic bottles. Bottle was filled with available water and placed in direct sunlight for a minimum of 6 hours. Water was consumed the next day while second bottle was being consumed.

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

SODIS Bottle

Intervention Type OTHER

SODIS Bottles used by SODIS group to treat their drinking water

Usual practices

Caregivers in this group were asked to maintain their usual practices regarding drinking water so that disease rates could be compared with the SODIS arm

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

SODIS Bottle

Intervention Type OTHER

SODIS Bottles used by SODIS group to treat their drinking water

Interventions

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SODIS Bottle

SODIS Bottles used by SODIS group to treat their drinking water

Intervention Type OTHER

Other Intervention Names

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Unused 2-litre PET bottles (e.g. Coca-Cola, Pepsi)

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Presence of one or more children aged less than 5 years in the household

Exclusion Criteria

* Chlorinated piped water source available in household
Minimum Eligible Age

12 Months

Maximum Eligible Age

5 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sponsors

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ICROSS, Kenya

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role collaborator

International Water and Sanitation Development (IWSD), Zimbabwe

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role collaborator

CARE International - Cambodia (CIC), Cambodia

UNKNOWN

Sponsor Role collaborator

Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)

Principal Investigators

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Kevin G McGuigan, PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

RCSI

Locations

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CIC

Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Site Status

ICROSS

Nairobi, Ngong Hills, Kenya

Site Status

IWSD

Harare, Mount Pleasant, Zimbabwe

Site Status

Countries

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Cambodia Kenya Zimbabwe

References

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Du Preez M, Mcguigan KG, Conroy RM. Solar disinfection of drinking water in the prevention of dysentery in South African children aged under 5 years: the role of participant motivation. Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Nov 15;44(22):8744-9. doi: 10.1021/es103328j.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 20977257 (View on PubMed)

Ubomba-Jaswa E, Fernandez-Ibanez P, McGuigan KG. A preliminary Ames fluctuation assay assessment of the genotoxicity of drinking water that has been solar disinfected in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. J Water Health. 2010 Dec;8(4):712-9. doi: 10.2166/wh.2010.136. Epub 2010 Apr 13.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 20705982 (View on PubMed)

Conroy RM, Meegan ME, Joyce T, McGuigan K, Barnes J. Solar disinfection of drinking water protects against cholera in children under 6 years of age. Arch Dis Child. 2001 Oct;85(4):293-5. doi: 10.1136/adc.85.4.293.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 11567937 (View on PubMed)

Conroy RM, Elmore-Meegan M, Joyce T, McGuigan KG, Barnes J. Solar disinfection of drinking water and diarrhoea in Maasai children: a controlled field trial. Lancet. 1996 Dec 21-28;348(9043):1695-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02309-4.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 8973432 (View on PubMed)

du Preez M, Conroy RM, Ligondo S, Hennessy J, Elmore-Meegan M, Soita A, McGuigan KG. Randomized intervention study of solar disinfection of drinking water in the prevention of dysentery in Kenyan children aged under 5 years. Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Nov 1;45(21):9315-23. doi: 10.1021/es2018835. Epub 2011 Oct 5.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 21936492 (View on PubMed)

Related Links

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http://www.rcsi.ie/sodis

SODISWATER project website

http://www.sodis.ch

Information site for SODIS

Other Identifiers

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SODIS Kenya, Zimbab, Cambodia

Identifier Type: OTHER

Identifier Source: secondary_id

SODISWATER EU 031650

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id