Correlation Between Pain and Emergence Delirium After Adenotonsillectomy in Preschool Children

NCT ID: NCT01096797

Last Updated: 2010-03-31

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

PHASE4

Total Enrollment

150 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2009-11-30

Study Completion Date

2010-03-31

Brief Summary

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The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of pain, emergence delirium and the combination of those postoperative negative behaviours during the first 15 minutes after awakening from sevoflurane anesthesia in pre-school children. Additionally this study will evaluate the relationship between emergence delirium and postoperative pain behaviour after adenotonsil surgery.

Detailed Description

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Tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy is the most common surgery performed in paediatric population. Sevoflurane is the most frequently volatile anaesthetic used in paediatric population. It is well tolerated, allows rapid anaesthesia induction, faster emergence, orientation. A child who emerges from sevoflurane anaesthesia may experience a variety of behavioural disturbances described as "emergence delirium" (ED).

ED has been described as "a mental disturbance during the recovery from general anaesthesia consisting of hallucinations, delusions and confusion manifested by moaning, restlessness, involuntary physical activity, and thrashing about in bed" in the immediate post anaesthesia period. Additionally paranoid ideation has been observed in combination with these emergence behaviours.

Restless recovery from anaesthesia is an important problem. It may lead, along with injury to the child, bleeding from surgical site, to accidental removal of IV catheters and drains. Once ED occur, extra nursing care may be necessary, as well as supplemental sedative and/or analgesic medications, which may be associated to respiratory depression or airway obstruction and may delay patient discharge. Although long-term psychological implications of ED remain unknown, children with restless recovery from anaesthesia are seven times more likely to have new-onset separation anxiety, apathy, eating and sleep problems.

ED after sevoflurane anaesthesia has been suggested both to be and not to be associated with postoperative pain behaviour. Accordingly, adequate pain relief has been found to reduce or have no effect on ED after sevoflurane anaesthesia. Because a self-evaluation is difficult In preschool boy observational scales based on behaviour like CHIPPS, FLACC or CHEOPS are used for the measurement of pain.

Given that the child's behaviour evaluation at emergence is made with observational scales, a superimposition between ED and pain measurement is possible. Nurses and doctors using behavioural scales for the evaluation of ED and pain may not be able to differentiate pain from ED during awakening. This may led to the treatment of an autolimitated disturb (ED) or to the under treatment of pain after surgery.

Conditions

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Adenotonsillectomy Postoperative Pain Emergence Delirium

Study Design

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Allocation Method

NA

Intervention Model

SINGLE_GROUP

Primary Study Purpose

DIAGNOSTIC

Blinding Strategy

NONE

Study Groups

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Children undergoing adenotonsillectomy

Children between 2-6 years old undergoing elective adenoidectomy with or without tonsillectomy from the ENT Service of the San Gerardo Hospital.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Sevoflurane

Intervention Type DRUG

* Anaesthesia induction: sevoflurane 4 to 6% by mask and IV propofol 2-6 mg/kg.
* Anaesthesia maintenance: sevoflurane 2-3 %
* Intraoperative and postoperative analgesia: IV fentanyl 1,5-2,5 mcg/kg, IV paracetamol 15 mg/kg
* Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: dexamethasone 0,1 mg/kg, ondansetron 0,1 mg/kg

Interventions

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Sevoflurane

* Anaesthesia induction: sevoflurane 4 to 6% by mask and IV propofol 2-6 mg/kg.
* Anaesthesia maintenance: sevoflurane 2-3 %
* Intraoperative and postoperative analgesia: IV fentanyl 1,5-2,5 mcg/kg, IV paracetamol 15 mg/kg
* Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: dexamethasone 0,1 mg/kg, ondansetron 0,1 mg/kg

Intervention Type DRUG

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Male and Female children from 2 to 6 years of age
* American Society of Anaesthesiologists Classification (ASA) I: without systemic disease
* American Society of Anaesthesiologists Classification (ASA) II: moderate systemic disease
* Scheduled for elective tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy.
* Children whose parents (or legal tutors) have given their informed written consent

Exclusion Criteria

* Emergency surgery.
* Children whose parents (or legal tutors) denied their own consensus
* Children with known cognitive impairment
* A story of kidney, liver, pulmonary or cardiac disease.
* A history of chronic pain or use of analgesic drugs.
* Familiar or personal history of malignant hyperthermia
* Need premedication or total intravenous anaesthesia.
Minimum Eligible Age

2 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

6 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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University of Milano Bicocca

OTHER

Sponsor Role collaborator

San Gerardo Hospital

OTHER

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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U.O. Anestesia e Rianimazione I. San Gerardo Hospital

Principal Investigators

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Pablo M Ingelmo, MD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Department of anesthesiology and resuscitation I, San Gerardo Hospital

Locations

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Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care. San Gerardo Hospital

Monza, MB, Italy

Site Status

Countries

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Italy

References

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Holzki J, Kretz FJ. Changing aspects of sevoflurane in paediatric anaesthesia: 1975-99. Paediatr Anaesth. 1999;9(4):283-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.1999.00415.x. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND
PMID: 10411761 (View on PubMed)

Sikich N, Lerman J. Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale. Anesthesiology. 2004 May;100(5):1138-45. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200405000-00015.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 15114210 (View on PubMed)

Vlajkovic GP, Sindjelic RP. Emergence delirium in children: many questions, few answers. Anesth Analg. 2007 Jan;104(1):84-91. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000250914.91881.a8.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 17179249 (View on PubMed)

Voepel-Lewis T, Malviya S, Tait AR. A prospective cohort study of emergence agitation in the pediatric postanesthesia care unit. Anesth Analg. 2003 Jun;96(6):1625-1630. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000062522.21048.61.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 12760985 (View on PubMed)

Dahmani S, Stany I, Brasher C, Lejeune C, Bruneau B, Wood C, Nivoche Y, Constant I, Murat I. Pharmacological prevention of sevoflurane- and desflurane-related emergence agitation in children: a meta-analysis of published studies. Br J Anaesth. 2010 Feb;104(2):216-23. doi: 10.1093/bja/aep376. Epub 2010 Jan 3.

Reference Type RESULT
PMID: 20047899 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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AR-HSG 02-2009

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id