Trial Outcomes & Findings for Study Evaluating Ibuprofen 600 mg Extended Release (ER) For Dental Pain (NCT NCT00913627)
NCT ID: NCT00913627
Last Updated: 2018-03-22
Results Overview
Pain intensity difference (PID) score based on 4-point categorical pain intensity rating scale. Participants asked, "How much pain do you have at this time?" Range of scale: None (0), Mild (1), Moderate (2), Severe (3). SPID derived by adding the time-weighted sums of PID scores over the time interval. Scores could range from -12 to 36 where higher positive values indicated improvement (decrease in pain intensity).
COMPLETED
PHASE2
196 participants
Baseline (0 hour) to 12 hours post dose
2018-03-22
Participant Flow
Participant milestones
| Measure |
Placebo
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
29
|
53
|
56
|
58
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
29
|
53
|
56
|
58
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Study Evaluating Ibuprofen 600 mg Extended Release (ER) For Dental Pain
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Total
n=196 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age, Continuous
|
18.1 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.1 • n=5 Participants
|
18.6 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.4 • n=7 Participants
|
18.7 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.7 • n=5 Participants
|
18.3 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.6 • n=4 Participants
|
18.5 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.5 • n=21 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
12 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
22 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
23 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
24 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
81 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
17 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
31 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
33 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
34 Participants
n=4 Participants
|
115 Participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Pain severity
Moderate
|
18 participants
n=5 Participants
|
29 participants
n=7 Participants
|
33 participants
n=5 Participants
|
34 participants
n=4 Participants
|
114 participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Pain severity
Severe
|
11 participants
n=5 Participants
|
24 participants
n=7 Participants
|
23 participants
n=5 Participants
|
24 participants
n=4 Participants
|
82 participants
n=21 Participants
|
|
Pain intensity
|
73.90 mm
STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.60 • n=5 Participants
|
77.06 mm
STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.23 • n=7 Participants
|
74.80 mm
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.40 • n=5 Participants
|
75.12 mm
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.30 • n=4 Participants
|
75.37 mm
STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.44 • n=21 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline (0 hour) to 12 hours post dosePopulation: Intent-To-Treat (ITT) population: randomized participants who dosed with study product and provided a baseline pain severity assessment.
Pain intensity difference (PID) score based on 4-point categorical pain intensity rating scale. Participants asked, "How much pain do you have at this time?" Range of scale: None (0), Mild (1), Moderate (2), Severe (3). SPID derived by adding the time-weighted sums of PID scores over the time interval. Scores could range from -12 to 36 where higher positive values indicated improvement (decrease in pain intensity).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Time-weighted Sum of Pain Intensity Difference Score From 0 to 12 Hours (SPID 0-12)
|
0.05 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.22
|
16.87 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.35
|
17.34 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.54
|
12.66 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.02
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: 8 to 12 hours post dosePopulation: ITT population
PID score based on 4-point categorical pain intensity rating scale. Participants asked, "How much pain do you have at this time?" Range of scale: None (0), Mild (1), Moderate (2), Severe (3). SPID score derived by adding the time-weighted sums of PID scores over the time interval. Scores could range from -4 to 12 where higher positive values indicated improvement (decrease in pain intensity).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Time-weighted Sum of Pain Intensity Difference Score From 8 to 12 Hours (SPID 8-12)
|
-0.03 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.05
|
6.57 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.44
|
7.14 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.24
|
5.14 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.02
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 hoursPopulation: ITT population
Time to first perceptible relief (confirmed by meaningful relief) was defined as the elapsed time from dosing until the participant depresses the first stopwatch labelled "first perceptible relief", if the participant also depressed the second stopwatch labelled as "meaningful relief" by 6 hours. If the confirmation was not achieved, the participant was censored at 6 hours. Perceptible relief defined as when participant first begins to feel any pain relieving effect whatsoever of the drug. Does not necessarily mean the participant feels completely better, but when the participant first feels any difference in the pain he/she has currently.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Time to First Perceptible Pain Relief
|
NA minutes
Data was not available as median time to onset of first perceptible pain relief was greater than (\>) 360 minutes for placebo group.
|
29.4 minutes
Interval 23.3 to 35.3
|
29.4 minutes
Interval 26.1 to 36.2
|
32.1 minutes
Interval 29.5 to 58.0
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline to 24 hoursPopulation: ITT population
Time to first rescue medication or discontinuation due to lack of efficacy
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Time to Treatment Failure
|
1.7 hours
Interval 1.7 to 2.2
|
NA hours
Data was not available as median time to treatment failure was greater than (\>) 24 hours for Ibuprofen IR/ER (roller compaction)group.
|
NA hours
Data was not available as median time to treatment failure was greater than (\>) 24 hours for Ibuprofen IR/ER (wet granulation)group.
|
NA hours
Data was not available as median time to treatment failure was greater than (\>) 24 hours for Naproxen group.
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 hoursPopulation: ITT population
Treatment failure defined as use of rescue medication or discontinuation due to lack of efficacy.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Percentage of Participants With Treatment Failure
8 hours
|
82.8 percentage of participants
|
11.3 percentage of participants
|
12.5 percentage of participants
|
24.1 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants With Treatment Failure
9 hours
|
82.8 percentage of participants
|
11.3 percentage of participants
|
12.5 percentage of participants
|
25.9 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants With Treatment Failure
10 hours
|
82.8 percentage of participants
|
17.0 percentage of participants
|
12.5 percentage of participants
|
27.6 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants With Treatment Failure
11 hours
|
82.8 percentage of participants
|
20.8 percentage of participants
|
14.3 percentage of participants
|
27.6 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants With Treatment Failure
12 hours
|
82.8 percentage of participants
|
20.8 percentage of participants
|
17.9 percentage of participants
|
32.8 percentage of participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 0 to 4 hours and 4 to 8 hoursPopulation: ITT population
Time-weighted sum of PID score. PID based on 4-point categorical pain intensity rating scale. Participants asked, "How much pain do you have at this time?" Range of scale: None (0), Mild (1), Moderate (2), Severe (3). SPID score derived by adding the time-weighted sums of PID scores over the time interval. Scores could range from -4 to 12 where higher positive values indicated improvement (decrease in pain intensity).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Time-weighted Sum of Pain Intensity Difference From 0 to 4 Hours (SPID 0-4) and 4 to 8 Hours (SPID 4-8)
SPID 0-4
|
-0.12 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.57
|
5.44 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.21
|
5.22 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.90
|
3.96 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.87
|
|
Time-weighted Sum of Pain Intensity Difference From 0 to 4 Hours (SPID 0-4) and 4 to 8 Hours (SPID 4-8)
SPID 4-8
|
0.31 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.57
|
8.15 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.48
|
8.13 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.76
|
5.95 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.74
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 0 to 4 hours, 4 to 8 hours, 8 to 12 hours, and 0 to 12 hoursPopulation: ITT population
Time-weighted sum of PRID score where PRID=PID+PR. PID: 4-point categorical pain intensity difference scale, 0 (none) to 3 (severe), score derived by subtracting postdose score from baseline, ranged from -1 to 3. Baseline pain intensity score of at least 2 required for enrollment. Higher positive PID values = improvement. PR: 5-point categorical pain relief scale None (0), A Little (1), Some (2), A Lot (3) or Complete (4). SPRID 0-4, SPRID 4-8, and SRID 8-12 scores ranged from -4 to 28, SPRID 0-12 ranged from -12 to 84, higher scores = greater improvement.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Time-weighted Sum of Pain Relief and Pain Intensity Difference Scores (SPRID)
SPRID 0-4
|
1.78 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.45
|
15.48 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.60
|
15.12 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.10
|
11.97 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.51
|
|
Time-weighted Sum of Pain Relief and Pain Intensity Difference Scores (SPRID)
SPRID 4-8
|
3.69 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.63
|
23.21 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 8.85
|
23.14 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.12
|
17.71 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.69
|
|
Time-weighted Sum of Pain Relief and Pain Intensity Difference Scores (SPRID)
SPRID 8-12
|
3.00 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.38
|
19.36 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 9.94
|
20.73 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 11.43
|
15.86 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 11.56
|
|
Time-weighted Sum of Pain Relief and Pain Intensity Difference Scores (SPRID)
SPRID 0-12
|
7.09 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 21.00
|
48.76 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 18.99
|
50.01 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 22.32
|
38.45 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 22.61
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 0 to 4 hours, 4 to 8 hours, 8 to 12 hours, and 0 to 12 hoursPopulation: ITT population
TOTPAR based on 5-point categorical pain relief scale. Participants asked, "How much relief do you have from your starting pain?" Range of scale: None (0), A Little (1), Some (2), A Lot (3) or Complete (4). Higher scores indicated improvement (better pain relief). For time-weighted sum of pain relief scores from 0 to 4 hours (TOTPAR 0-4), from 4 to 8 hours (TOTPAR 4-8), and from 8 to 12 hours (TOTPAR 8-12): range of scores 0 (worst) to 16 (best). TOTPAR 0-12 range of scores 0 (worst) to 48 (best).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Time-weighted Sum of Pain Relief Scores (TOTPAR)
TOTPAR 0-4
|
1.91 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.25
|
10.04 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.66
|
9.90 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.51
|
8.01 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 3.96
|
|
Time-weighted Sum of Pain Relief Scores (TOTPAR)
TOTPAR 4-8
|
3.38 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.43
|
15.06 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 4.76
|
15.02 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.79
|
11.76 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.35
|
|
Time-weighted Sum of Pain Relief Scores (TOTPAR)
TOTPAR 8-12
|
3.03 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.75
|
12.79 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 5.97
|
13.59 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.61
|
10.72 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 6.89
|
|
Time-weighted Sum of Pain Relief Scores (TOTPAR)
TOTPAR 0-12
|
7.04 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 12.74
|
31.89 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 10.67
|
32.67 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 12.74
|
25.79 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 13.48
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes and every 60 minutes up to 360 minutesPopulation: ITT population
The elapsed time from dosing until the participant indicated first perceptible relief, provided the participant also indicated achieving meaningful relief. Perceptible relief defined as when participant first begins to feel any pain-relieving effect whatsoever of the drug. Does not necessarily mean the participant feels completely better, but when the participant first feels any difference in the pain he/she currently has now.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving First Perceptible Relief Confirmed by Meaningful Relief
30 minutes
|
3.4 percentage of participants
|
52.8 percentage of participants
|
55.4 percentage of participants
|
39.7 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving First Perceptible Relief Confirmed by Meaningful Relief
15 minutes
|
3.4 percentage of participants
|
17.0 percentage of participants
|
19.6 percentage of participants
|
8.6 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving First Perceptible Relief Confirmed by Meaningful Relief
45 minutes
|
6.9 percentage of participants
|
64.2 percentage of participants
|
73.2 percentage of participants
|
56.9 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving First Perceptible Relief Confirmed by Meaningful Relief
60 minutes
|
13.8 percentage of participants
|
81.1 percentage of participants
|
83.9 percentage of participants
|
65.5 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving First Perceptible Relief Confirmed by Meaningful Relief
90 minutes
|
13.8 percentage of participants
|
83.0 percentage of participants
|
87.5 percentage of participants
|
72.4 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving First Perceptible Relief Confirmed by Meaningful Relief
120 minutes
|
13.8 percentage of participants
|
83.0 percentage of participants
|
91.1 percentage of participants
|
72.4 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving First Perceptible Relief Confirmed by Meaningful Relief
180 minutes
|
13.8 percentage of participants
|
83.0 percentage of participants
|
91.1 percentage of participants
|
72.4 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving First Perceptible Relief Confirmed by Meaningful Relief
240 minutes
|
13.8 percentage of participants
|
83.0 percentage of participants
|
91.1 percentage of participants
|
72.4 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving First Perceptible Relief Confirmed by Meaningful Relief
300 minutes
|
13.8 percentage of participants
|
83.0 percentage of participants
|
91.1 percentage of participants
|
72.4 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving First Perceptible Relief Confirmed by Meaningful Relief
360 minutes
|
13.8 percentage of participants
|
83.0 percentage of participants
|
91.1 percentage of participants
|
72.4 percentage of participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 hoursPopulation: ITT population
Participants evaluated the time to meaningful relief by depressing a second stopwatch at the moment they first began to experience meaningful relief, defined as relief from the pain that is considered meaningful to the participant.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Time to Meaningful Pain Relief
|
NA minutes
Median time to meaningful pain relief not achieved by more than 50 percent (%) of participants.
|
59.7 minutes
Interval 52.3 to 88.3
|
76.7 minutes
Interval 56.5 to 99.3
|
84.1 minutes
Interval 63.8 to 174.2
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes and every 60 minutes up to 360 minutesPopulation: ITT population
Participants evaluated the time to first perceptible pain relief by depressing a stopwatch at the moment they first began to experience perceptible relief and the time to meaningful relief by depressing a second stopwatch at the moment they first began to experience meaningful relief defined as relief from the pain that is considered meaningful to the participant.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving Meaningful Pain Relief
300 minutes
|
10.3 percentage of participants
|
83.0 percentage of participants
|
91.1 percentage of participants
|
69.0 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving Meaningful Pain Relief
360 minutes
|
13.8 percentage of participants
|
83.0 percentage of participants
|
91.1 percentage of participants
|
72.4 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving Meaningful Pain Relief
15 minutes
|
0.0 percentage of participants
|
1.9 percentage of participants
|
0.0 percentage of participants
|
1.7 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving Meaningful Pain Relief
30 minutes
|
0.0 percentage of participants
|
9.4 percentage of participants
|
10.7 percentage of participants
|
3.4 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving Meaningful Pain Relief
45 minutes
|
3.4 percentage of participants
|
28.3 percentage of participants
|
28.6 percentage of participants
|
13.8 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving Meaningful Pain Relief
60 minutes
|
3.4 percentage of participants
|
50.9 percentage of participants
|
39.3 percentage of participants
|
31.0 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving Meaningful Pain Relief
90 minutes
|
3.4 percentage of participants
|
64.2 percentage of participants
|
57.1 percentage of participants
|
50.0 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving Meaningful Pain Relief
120 minutes
|
6.9 percentage of participants
|
71.7 percentage of participants
|
71.4 percentage of participants
|
56.9 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving Meaningful Pain Relief
180 minutes
|
10.3 percentage of participants
|
79.2 percentage of participants
|
82.1 percentage of participants
|
63.8 percentage of participants
|
|
Percentage of Participants Achieving Meaningful Pain Relief
240 minutes
|
10.3 percentage of participants
|
83.0 percentage of participants
|
89.3 percentage of participants
|
67.2 percentage of participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 12 hoursPopulation: ITT population
Participant rated global evaluation of study medication; results reported by evaluation categories and included very poor (0), poor (1), fair (2), good (3), very good (4), and excellent (5).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Participant Global Evaluation of Study Medication at 12 Hours
Very poor
|
20 participants
|
2 participants
|
2 participants
|
7 participants
|
|
Participant Global Evaluation of Study Medication at 12 Hours
Poor
|
4 participants
|
1 participants
|
0 participants
|
1 participants
|
|
Participant Global Evaluation of Study Medication at 12 Hours
Fair
|
1 participants
|
3 participants
|
4 participants
|
8 participants
|
|
Participant Global Evaluation of Study Medication at 12 Hours
Good
|
2 participants
|
11 participants
|
9 participants
|
18 participants
|
|
Participant Global Evaluation of Study Medication at 12 Hours
Very good
|
2 participants
|
20 participants
|
28 participants
|
15 participants
|
|
Participant Global Evaluation of Study Medication at 12 Hours
Excellent
|
0 participants
|
16 participants
|
13 participants
|
9 participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 24 hoursPopulation: ITT population; Number of participants analyzed (N)= participants with evaluable data
Participant rated global evaluation of study medication; results reported by evaluation categories and included very poor (0), poor (1), fair (2), good (3), very good (4), and excellent (5).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=52 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Participant Global Evaluation of Study Medication at 24 Hours
Very poor
|
20 participants
|
2 participants
|
2 participants
|
7 participants
|
|
Participant Global Evaluation of Study Medication at 24 Hours
Poor
|
4 participants
|
1 participants
|
0 participants
|
1 participants
|
|
Participant Global Evaluation of Study Medication at 24 Hours
Fair
|
1 participants
|
2 participants
|
3 participants
|
4 participants
|
|
Participant Global Evaluation of Study Medication at 24 Hours
Good
|
3 participants
|
14 participants
|
10 participants
|
17 participants
|
|
Participant Global Evaluation of Study Medication at 24 Hours
Very good
|
1 participants
|
17 participants
|
23 participants
|
19 participants
|
|
Participant Global Evaluation of Study Medication at 24 Hours
Excellent
|
0 participants
|
16 participants
|
18 participants
|
10 participants
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 minutes and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, and 24 hoursPopulation: ITT population.
PID based on 4-point categorical pain intensity rating scale. Participants asked, "How much pain do you have at this time?" Range of scale: None (0), Mild (1), Moderate (2), Severe (3). PID score derived by subtracting postdose score from baseline score and could range from -1 to 3. A baseline pain intensity score of at least 2 was required for study enrollment. Higher positive PID values indicated greater improvement (decrease in pain intensity).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
15 minutes
|
-0.14 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.44
|
0.09 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.45
|
0.09 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.35
|
0.05 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.22
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
30 minutes
|
-0.14 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.52
|
0.40 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.69
|
0.34 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.64
|
0.29 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.53
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
45 minutes
|
-0.10 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.56
|
0.77 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.89
|
0.70 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.78
|
0.53 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.60
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
60 minutes
|
-0.10 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.62
|
0.94 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.99
|
1.00 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.81
|
0.81 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.76
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
90 minutes
|
-0.07 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.59
|
1.25 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.02
|
1.29 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.87
|
1.05 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.80
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
2 hours
|
0.00 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.65
|
1.51 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.97
|
1.48 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.91
|
1.05 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.83
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
3 hours
|
0.00 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.85
|
1.70 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.97
|
1.64 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.88
|
1.24 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.94
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
4 hours
|
0.03 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.94
|
1.81 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.92
|
1.66 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.94
|
1.24 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.98
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
5 hours
|
0.07 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.92
|
1.74 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.94
|
1.68 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.97
|
1.22 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.04
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
6 hours
|
0.07 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.92
|
1.62 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.99
|
1.66 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.98
|
1.22 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.04
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
7 hours
|
0.07 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.92
|
1.51 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.97
|
1.64 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.98
|
1.12 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.01
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
8 hours
|
0.07 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.92
|
1.47 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.91
|
1.48 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.06
|
1.14 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.00
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
9 hours
|
0.00 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.80
|
1.34 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.94
|
1.41 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.06
|
1.00 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.03
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
10 hours
|
-0.03 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.78
|
1.26 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.96
|
1.45 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.11
|
1.02 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.05
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
11 hours
|
-0.03 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.82
|
1.23 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.97
|
1.43 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.11
|
1.03 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.11
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
12 hours
|
-0.03 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.82
|
1.26 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.96
|
1.38 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.09
|
0.95 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.08
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
13 hours
|
0.00 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.85
|
1.25 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.02
|
1.23 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.14
|
0.95 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.03
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
14 hours
|
0.03 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.91
|
1.15 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.10
|
1.18 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.15
|
0.93 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.06
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
16 hours
|
-0.03 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.82
|
1.08 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.05
|
1.02 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.10
|
0.95 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.07
|
|
Pain Intensity Difference (PID) Score
24 hours
|
0.07 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.00
|
0.89 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.01
|
0.91 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.13
|
0.97 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.08
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 minutes and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, and 24 hoursPopulation: ITT population.
PR score based on 5-point categorical pain relief scale. Participants asked, "How much relief do you have from your starting pain?" Range of scale: None \[0\], A Little \[1\], Some \[2\], A Lot \[3\] or Complete \[4\]. Higher scores indicated improvement (better pain relief).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
16 hours
|
0.59 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.27
|
2.15 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.47
|
2.00 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.64
|
1.98 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.57
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
15 minutes
|
0.07 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.26
|
0.36 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.71
|
0.29 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.56
|
0.28 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.64
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
30 minutes
|
0.21 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.62
|
1.02 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.99
|
0.82 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.86
|
0.79 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.91
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
45 minutes
|
0.31 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.66
|
1.72 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.21
|
1.55 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.17
|
1.21 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.07
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
60 minutes
|
0.41 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.68
|
2.04 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.27
|
1.98 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.17
|
1.67 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.19
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
90 minutes
|
0.41 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.73
|
2.40 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.29
|
2.50 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.16
|
2.09 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.19
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
2 hours
|
0.55 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.91
|
2.66 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.21
|
2.77 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.14
|
2.24 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.19
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
3 hours
|
0.55 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.15
|
3.06 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.05
|
3.04 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.09
|
2.43 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.20
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
4 hours
|
0.62 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.27
|
3.17 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.98
|
3.07 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.13
|
2.43 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.27
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
5 hours
|
0.66 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.29
|
3.13 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.98
|
3.07 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.19
|
2.36 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.37
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
6 hours
|
0.72 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.36
|
2.98 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.07
|
3.09 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.16
|
2.40 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.40
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
7 hours
|
0.72 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.36
|
2.94 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.01
|
3.02 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.20
|
2.29 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.39
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
8 hours
|
0.66 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.26
|
2.83 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.12
|
2.77 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.33
|
2.28 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.42
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
9 hours
|
0.66 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.23
|
2.55 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.31
|
2.77 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.32
|
2.16 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.41
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
10 hours
|
0.59 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.15
|
2.51 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.32
|
2.77 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.36
|
2.14 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.41
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
11 hours
|
0.59 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.21
|
2.47 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.32
|
2.71 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.37
|
2.17 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.46
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
12 hours
|
0.55 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.18
|
2.43 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.38
|
2.57 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.45
|
1.98 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.52
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
13 hours
|
0.62 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.27
|
2.43 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.46
|
2.39 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.53
|
2.03 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.50
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
14 hours
|
0.66 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.34
|
2.28 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.49
|
2.27 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.60
|
2.03 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.57
|
|
Pain Relief (PR) Score
24 hours
|
0.69 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.42
|
1.92 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.53
|
1.77 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.71
|
2.00 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.58
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 minutes and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, and 24 hoursPopulation: ITT population.
PRID=PID+PR, where PID: 4-point categorical pain intensity difference scale, 0 (none) to 3 (severe), score derived by subtracting postdose score from baseline and could range from -1 to 3. Baseline pain intensity score of at least 2 was required for study enrollment. Higher positive PID values indicated improvement. PR: 5-point categorical pain relief scale (None \[0\], A Little \[1\], Some \[2\], A Lot \[3\], Complete \[4\]). PRID score could range from -1 to 7 where higher scores indicated better pain relief and decrease in pain intensity.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
15 minutes
|
-0.07 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.59
|
0.45 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.08
|
0.38 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.84
|
0.33 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.80
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
30 minutes
|
0.07 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.00
|
1.42 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.60
|
1.16 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.40
|
1.09 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.37
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
45 minutes
|
0.21 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.08
|
2.49 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.04
|
2.25 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.90
|
1.74 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.58
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
60 minutes
|
0.31 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.14
|
2.98 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.18
|
2.98 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.90
|
2.48 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.86
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
90 minutes
|
0.34 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.20
|
3.64 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.22
|
3.79 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.92
|
3.14 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.88
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
2 hours
|
0.55 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.45
|
4.17 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.08
|
4.25 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.97
|
3.29 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.91
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
3 hours
|
0.55 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.92
|
4.75 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.94
|
4.68 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.87
|
3.67 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.03
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
4 hours
|
0.66 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.13
|
4.98 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.80
|
4.73 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.97
|
3.67 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.15
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
5 hours
|
0.72 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.14
|
4.87 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.83
|
4.75 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.08
|
3.59 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.32
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
6 hours
|
0.79 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.21
|
4.60 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.96
|
4.75 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.06
|
3.62 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.35
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
7 hours
|
0.79 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.21
|
4.45 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.90
|
4.66 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.08
|
3.41 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.32
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
8 hours
|
0.72 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.10
|
4.30 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.95
|
4.25 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.30
|
3.41 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.35
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
9 hours
|
0.66 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.95
|
3.89 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.14
|
4.18 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.29
|
3.16 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.36
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
10 hours
|
0.55 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.82
|
3.77 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.19
|
4.21 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.38
|
3.16 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.38
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
11 hours
|
0.55 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.94
|
3.70 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.22
|
4.14 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.39
|
3.21 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.50
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
12 hours
|
0.52 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.92
|
3.70 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.24
|
3.95 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.45
|
2.93 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.53
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
13 hours
|
0.62 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.03
|
3.68 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.39
|
3.63 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.59
|
2.98 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.46
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
14 hours
|
0.69 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.17
|
3.43 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.51
|
3.45 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.68
|
2.97 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.54
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
16 hours
|
0.55 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.01
|
3.23 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.43
|
3.02 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.67
|
2.93 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.57
|
|
Pain Relief Combined With Pain Intensity Difference (PRID) Score
24 hours
|
0.76 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.34
|
2.81 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.45
|
2.68 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.78
|
2.97 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 2.58
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 hoursPopulation: ITT population
Maximum PR score over the scheduled pain relief assessments. PR score based on 5-point categorical pain relief scale. Participants asked, "How much relief do you have from your starting pain?" Range of scale: None (0), A Little (1), Some (2), A Lot (3) or Complete (4). Higher scores indicated improvement (better pain relief).
Outcome measures
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 Participants
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 Participants
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 Participants
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Peak Pain Relief Score
|
1.00 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.41
|
3.42 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.82
|
3.39 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 0.85
|
3.05 units on a scale
Standard Deviation 1.16
|
Adverse Events
Placebo
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
Naproxen
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
| Measure |
Placebo
n=29 participants at risk
Matching placebo immediate release/extended release (IE/ER) caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Roller Compaction)
n=53 participants at risk
Ibuprofen 600 milligram (mg) IR/ER-roller compaction (IR/ER-RC): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Ibuprofen IR/ER (Wet Granulation)
n=56 participants at risk
Ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER-Wet Granulation (IR/ER-WG): one 600 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
Naproxen
n=58 participants at risk
Naproxen 220 mg (Aleve) caplet: one 220 mg active caplet on day of surgery
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Eye disorders
Eye swelling
|
0.00%
0/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.7%
1/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
Gastrointestinal disorders
Nausea
|
20.7%
6/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.9%
1/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
8.9%
5/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
3.4%
2/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
Gastrointestinal disorders
Vomiting
|
17.2%
5/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
5.4%
3/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.7%
1/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
Gastrointestinal disorders
Abdominal pain
|
0.00%
0/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.7%
1/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
Gastrointestinal disorders
Diarrhoea
|
0.00%
0/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.7%
1/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
General disorders
Feeling hot
|
0.00%
0/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.7%
1/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
General disorders
Malaise
|
0.00%
0/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.9%
1/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
General disorders
Pyrexia
|
0.00%
0/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.8%
1/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
Nervous system disorders
Dizziness
|
3.4%
1/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
3.6%
2/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
3.4%
2/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
Nervous system disorders
Headache
|
3.4%
1/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
3.8%
2/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.8%
1/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.7%
1/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
Nervous system disorders
Paraesthesia
|
0.00%
0/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.8%
1/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Epistaxia
|
0.00%
0/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.9%
1/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Pharyngolaryngeal pain
|
0.00%
0/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.9%
1/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Cold sweat
|
0.00%
0/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.7%
1/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Hyperhidrosis
|
0.00%
0/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.7%
1/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Pruritus
|
0.00%
0/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.8%
1/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
|
Vascular disorders
Pallor
|
0.00%
0/29
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/53
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
0.00%
0/56
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
1.7%
1/58
The same event may appear as both an adverse event (AE) and a serious AE (SAE). However, what is presented are distinct events. An event may be categorized as serious in 1 participant and as nonserious in another subject, or 1 participant may have experienced both a serious and nonserious event during the study.
|
Additional Information
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee Pfizer has the right to review disclosures, requesting a delay of less than 60 days. Investigator will postpone single center publications until after disclosure of pooled data (all sites), less than 12 months from study completion/termination at all participating sites. Investigator may not disclose previously undisclosed confidential information other than study results.
- Publication restrictions are in place
Restriction type: OTHER