Rosiglitazone And Fenofibrate Additive Effects on Lipids (RAFAEL)
NCT ID: NCT00819910
Last Updated: 2014-04-24
Study Results
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View full resultsBasic Information
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Recruitment Status
TERMINATED
Clinical Phase
PHASE4
Total Enrollment
41 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2008-09-30
Study Completion Date
2010-05-31
Brief Summary
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The design of the study will be randomized, double blind trial, which will examine the effects of Rosiglitazone on the fasting triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and plasma concentrations of apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and C-III as compared to Fenofibrate and placebo. This study will also assess the synergistic effect of Rosiglitazone and Fenofibrate on the same parameters. Data from this study will help clarify whether Rosiglitazone favorably impacts plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations through improving insulin sensitivity and glycemic control, or by directly influencing the synthesis of the apolipoproteins that are responsible for very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and HDL metabolism.
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Detailed Description
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Treatment of patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) consists of reducing hyperglycemia through diet, exercise, oral drug therapy or insulin (1). The Thiazolidinedione (TZDs), which include Troglitazone (withdrawn by the FDA), Rosiglitazone, and Pioglitazone, correct hyperglycemia by increasing insulin sensitivity in both the liver (2, 3) and skeletal muscles (4,5). Although TZDs improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetic subjects, when these agents are administered to non-diabetic subjects they do not affect fasting plasma glucose levels. Nolan et al. (6) observed no effect on the plasma glucose levels of non-diabetic subjects treated with Troglitazone 200 mg twice daily.
Clinical trials using TZDs in type 2 diabetic subjects have observed that these agents also favorably impact plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. A recent study comparing the efficacy of adding Metformin (850 mg, once or twice daily) or Troglitazone (200 mg, once or twice daily) to Glyburide (10 mg, twice daily) on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients (n=22), reported that after 4 months of treatment, Metformin did not induce significant changes in LDL-C, LDL size, HDL-C, Triglycerides or Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), but decreased C-reactive protein (CRP) by 33%. Interestingly, Troglitazone increased the size of LDL and the mean LDL-C level (+10%), but decreased the Triglyceride (-22%) and CRP (-60%) concentrations (7). Following eight weeks of treatment with Rosiglitazone (4mg, twice daily) in 243 type 2 diabetic patients, the mean HDL-C increased by 6% and TG by 2%. The increase in the LDL-C concentration (9%) was accompanied by a shift in small, dense LDL to large, buoyant LDL in 52% of the treated subjects. The shift in LDL size occurred independent of a significant Triglyceride reduction, which is in contrast to several studies reporting that increases in LDL size are significantly correlated with a decrease in the plasma concentrations of total and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) Triglycerides (8-10).
The mechanism involved in the plasma lipid and lipoprotein changes induced by TZDs remains unclear. It is possible that these agents indirectly alter plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels indirectly by improving insulin sensitivity and glycemic control, or directly by influencing lipoprotein synthesis and/or catabolism.
In type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, hepatic synthesis of Triglycerides is increased and peripheral catabolism is decreased. The primary metabolic defect causing the hypertriglyceridemia is peripheral insensitivity to the action of insulin, accompanied by hyperinsulinemia. The insulin insensitivity inhibits the synthesis and activity of lipoprotein lipase and consequently impairs peripheral catabolism of Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (VLDL and Chylomicrons) (11-12). Since hepatocytes remain sensitive to the action of insulin, the hyperinsulinemia suppresses beta-oxidation and shunts free fatty acids entering the liver into the synthesis of Triglycerides. Therefore, hepatic production of Triglycerides (i.e. VLDL) is increased at the same time peripheral catabolism is impaired. The result is hypertriglyceridemia with a reciprocal decease in HDL-C concentration. By reducing insulin resistance and plasma insulin levels, TZDs would decrease hepatic Triglyceride production and enhance peripheral catabolism of Triglycerides, resulting in plasma reduction and a reciprocal increase in the HDL-C level.
Recently, it has been recognized that circulating levels of Triglyceride and HDL-C are influenced by the activities of Peroxisome Proliferator Activator Receptors (PPARs). PPARs constitute a super family of nuclear hormone receptors and are ligand-activated transcription factors. When activated, they transmit signals from intra-cellular lipid-soluble factors (e.g. fatty acids, hormones, vitamins) to genes in the nucleus by binding to DNA at specific response elements (13). Three distinct PPARs, termed alpha, beta, and gamma modulate intracellular lipid and glucose metabolism through controlling gene expression when activated (14). Specifically when PPAR-alpha is activated, gene expression for the synthesis of ApoC-III, lipoprotein lipase, ApoA-I and ApoA-II are impacted. ApoC-III is a specific inhibitor of peripheral lipoprotein lipase and competes with ApoE for space on the surface of VLDL. Reduced amounts of ApoC-III will result in a larger representation of ApoE on the VLDL particle, and as a consequence, the ApoE mediated hydrolysis of Triglycerides is enhanced. Activation of PPAR-alpha leads to decrease production of ApoC-III, which in turn results in enhanced clearance of Triglycerides. Activation of PPAR-alpha also increases the synthesis of lipoprotein lipase, which increases Triglyceride catabolism. Gene expression for the synthesis of ApoA-I and ApoA-II is also enhanced by activation of PPAR-alpha, resulting in increase in HDL concentration. Fibric acid derivatives (Gemfibrozil and Fenofibrate) induce their Triglyceride lowering and HDL-C augmenting properties by binding to the PPAR-alpha nuclear receptor.
TZDs are PPAR-gamma ligands that stimulate the gene expression of GLUT1 and GLUT4 (cellular glucose transport proteins) leading to increased insulin sensitivity in the target cells (15,16). The three PPAR receptors possess some degree of structural homology. Therefore, while TZDs have high affinity to PPAR-gamma, they may also bind to a lesser degree to PPAR-alpha or beta. Saliel and Olefsky (17) have determined in cell culture studies that Troglitazone can activate all three PPAR nuclear receptors. Lehmann et al. (18) observed in vitro that TZDs are high affinity ligands for PPAR-gamma yet also bind to PPAR-alpha (to a small degree). Binding PPAR-alpha would directly enhance the catabolism of Triglycerides (i.e. reduced ApoC-III plasma concentrations and increased lipoprotein lipase activity) and increase HDL-C plasma concentration through enhancing the expression of lipoprotein lipase and ApoA-I and ApoA-II. Therefore, administration of TZDs to non-diabetic normoglycemic individuals should not change plasma glucose concentrations, but by binding to PPAR-alpha it would result in decrease in the plasma concentration of ApoC-III, and an increase in ApoA-I and ApoA-II, with a subsequent rise in HDL-C and reduction in Triglyceride concentration.
In a recent animal study assessing Rosiglitazone's mode of action on lipids using male Sprague-Dawley rats, serum total, free and HDL cholesterol concentrations were monitored. In rats given Rosiglitazone, serum Triglyceride levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner, dropping to less than 50% of that of the control rats at the highest dose tested (5 mg/kg/d). Serum glucose concentrations did not change after Rosiglitazone treatment, which is in agreement with previous studies showing that thiazolidinediones do not exert a hypoglycemic action in the normoglycemic, non-diabetic rat. (18)
Clinical trials using TZDs in type 2 diabetic subjects have observed that these agents also favorably impact plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. A recent study comparing the efficacy of adding Metformin (850 mg, once or twice daily) or Troglitazone (200 mg, once or twice daily) to Glyburide (10 mg, twice daily) on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients (n=22), reported that after 4 months of treatment, Metformin did not induce significant changes in LDL-C, LDL size, HDL-C, Triglycerides or Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), but decreased C-reactive protein (CRP) by 33%. Interestingly, Troglitazone increased the size of LDL and the mean LDL-C level (+10%), but decreased the Triglyceride (-22%) and CRP (-60%) concentrations (7). Following eight weeks of treatment with Rosiglitazone (4mg, twice daily) in 243 type 2 diabetic patients, the mean HDL-C increased by 6% and TG by 2%. The increase in the LDL-C concentration (9%) was accompanied by a shift in small, dense LDL to large, buoyant LDL in 52% of the treated subjects. The shift in LDL size occurred independent of a significant Triglyceride reduction, which is in contrast to several studies reporting that increases in LDL size are significantly correlated with a decrease in the plasma concentrations of total and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) Triglycerides (8-10).
The mechanism involved in the plasma lipid and lipoprotein changes induced by TZDs remains unclear. It is possible that these agents indirectly alter plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels indirectly by improving insulin sensitivity and glycemic control, or directly by influencing lipoprotein synthesis and/or catabolism.
In type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, hepatic synthesis of Triglycerides is increased and peripheral catabolism is decreased. The primary metabolic defect causing the hypertriglyceridemia is peripheral insensitivity to the action of insulin, accompanied by hyperinsulinemia. The insulin insensitivity inhibits the synthesis and activity of lipoprotein lipase and consequently impairs peripheral catabolism of Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (VLDL and Chylomicrons) (11-12). Since hepatocytes remain sensitive to the action of insulin, the hyperinsulinemia suppresses beta-oxidation and shunts free fatty acids entering the liver into the synthesis of Triglycerides. Therefore, hepatic production of Triglycerides (i.e. VLDL) is increased at the same time peripheral catabolism is impaired. The result is hypertriglyceridemia with a reciprocal decease in HDL-C concentration. By reducing insulin resistance and plasma insulin levels, TZDs would decrease hepatic Triglyceride production and enhance peripheral catabolism of Triglycerides, resulting in plasma reduction and a reciprocal increase in the HDL-C level.
Recently, it has been recognized that circulating levels of Triglyceride and HDL-C are influenced by the activities of Peroxisome Proliferator Activator Receptors (PPARs). PPARs constitute a super family of nuclear hormone receptors and are ligand-activated transcription factors. When activated, they transmit signals from intra-cellular lipid-soluble factors (e.g. fatty acids, hormones, vitamins) to genes in the nucleus by binding to DNA at specific response elements (13). Three distinct PPARs, termed alpha, beta, and gamma modulate intracellular lipid and glucose metabolism through controlling gene expression when activated (14). Specifically when PPAR-alpha is activated, gene expression for the synthesis of ApoC-III, lipoprotein lipase, ApoA-I and ApoA-II are impacted. ApoC-III is a specific inhibitor of peripheral lipoprotein lipase and competes with ApoE for space on the surface of VLDL. Reduced amounts of ApoC-III will result in a larger representation of ApoE on the VLDL particle, and as a consequence, the ApoE mediated hydrolysis of Triglycerides is enhanced. Activation of PPAR-alpha leads to decrease production of ApoC-III, which in turn results in enhanced clearance of Triglycerides. Activation of PPAR-alpha also increases the synthesis of lipoprotein lipase, which increases Triglyceride catabolism. Gene expression for the synthesis of ApoA-I and ApoA-II is also enhanced by activation of PPAR-alpha, resulting in increase in HDL concentration. Fibric acid derivatives (Gemfibrozil and Fenofibrate) induce their Triglyceride lowering and HDL-C augmenting properties by binding to the PPAR-alpha nuclear receptor.
TZDs are PPAR-gamma ligands that stimulate the gene expression of GLUT1 and GLUT4 (cellular glucose transport proteins) leading to increased insulin sensitivity in the target cells (15,16). The three PPAR receptors possess some degree of structural homology. Therefore, while TZDs have high affinity to PPAR-gamma, they may also bind to a lesser degree to PPAR-alpha or beta. Saliel and Olefsky (17) have determined in cell culture studies that Troglitazone can activate all three PPAR nuclear receptors. Lehmann et al. (18) observed in vitro that TZDs are high affinity ligands for PPAR-gamma yet also bind to PPAR-alpha (to a small degree). Binding PPAR-alpha would directly enhance the catabolism of Triglycerides (i.e. reduced ApoC-III plasma concentrations and increased lipoprotein lipase activity) and increase HDL-C plasma concentration through enhancing the expression of lipoprotein lipase and ApoA-I and ApoA-II. Therefore, administration of TZDs to non-diabetic normoglycemic individuals should not change plasma glucose concentrations, but by binding to PPAR-alpha it would result in decrease in the plasma concentration of ApoC-III, and an increase in ApoA-I and ApoA-II, with a subsequent rise in HDL-C and reduction in Triglyceride concentration.
In a recent animal study assessing Rosiglitazone's mode of action on lipids using male Sprague-Dawley rats, serum total, free and HDL cholesterol concentrations were monitored. In rats given Rosiglitazone, serum Triglyceride levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner, dropping to less than 50% of that of the control rats at the highest dose tested (5 mg/kg/d). Serum glucose concentrations did not change after Rosiglitazone treatment, which is in agreement with previous studies showing that thiazolidinediones do not exert a hypoglycemic action in the normoglycemic, non-diabetic rat. (18)
Conditions
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Hypertriglyceridemia in Type 4 Hyperlipidemia
Non Diabetic Subjects With Normoglycemia
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Primary Study Purpose
TREATMENT
Blinding Strategy
DOUBLE
Participants
Investigators
Study Groups
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Rosiglitazone + Placebo
Rosiglitazone 8 mg daily + Placebo (Fenofibrate) 145 mg daily for 12 weeks
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Rosiglitazone
Intervention Type
DRUG
Rosiglitazone 8mg daily for 12 weeks
Placebo (Fenofibrate)
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo (Fenofibrate) 145 mg daily for 12 weeks
Fenofibrate + Placebo
Fenofibrate 145mg daily + Placebo (Rosiglitazone) 8mg daily for 12weeks
Group Type
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
Placebo (Rosiglitazone)
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo (Rosiglitazone) 8mg daily for 12 weeks
Fenofibrate
Intervention Type
DRUG
Fenofibrate 145 mg daily for 12 weeks
Rosiglitazone +Fenofibrate
Rosiglitazone 8mg daily + Fenofibrate 145mg daily for 12 weeks
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Rosiglitazone
Intervention Type
DRUG
Rosiglitazone 8mg daily for 12 weeks
Fenofibrate
Intervention Type
DRUG
Fenofibrate 145 mg daily for 12 weeks
Placebo Therapy Daily
Placebo (Rosiglitazone) 8mg daily + Placebo (Fenofibrate) 145 mg daily for 12 weeks
Group Type
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Placebo (Rosiglitazone)
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo (Rosiglitazone) 8mg daily for 12 weeks
Placebo (Fenofibrate)
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo (Fenofibrate) 145 mg daily for 12 weeks
Interventions
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Rosiglitazone
Rosiglitazone 8mg daily for 12 weeks
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo (Rosiglitazone)
Placebo (Rosiglitazone) 8mg daily for 12 weeks
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo (Fenofibrate)
Placebo (Fenofibrate) 145 mg daily for 12 weeks
Intervention Type
DRUG
Fenofibrate
Fenofibrate 145 mg daily for 12 weeks
Intervention Type
DRUG
Other Intervention Names
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Avandia
Tricor, Triglide, Fenoglide, Lipofen and Lofibra
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
1. Fasting plasma glucose \<100 mg/dl
2. Fasting LDL \<160 mg/dl and Triglyceride \<400 mg/dl.
2. Fasting LDL \<160 mg/dl and Triglyceride \<400 mg/dl.
Exclusion Criteria
1. Congestive heart failure
2. Evidence of renal impairment (serum creatinine\> 1.4mg/dL)
3. Liver disease (ALT and/or AST above the upper level of normal)
4. Known diabetes mellitus or impaired fasting glucose (fasting glucose ≥ 100mg/dL)
5. LDL of ≥160mg/dL and/or triglycerides of ≥400mg/dL
6. Pregnant or breast feeding women
7. Prior history of an acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction or revascularization procedures in the past
8. Life-threatening disease with a survival prognosis \<3 years
9. Inability to take rosiglitazone and/or fenofibrate
10. Already on statin therapy or have been on statin therapy in the last 3 months
2. Evidence of renal impairment (serum creatinine\> 1.4mg/dL)
3. Liver disease (ALT and/or AST above the upper level of normal)
4. Known diabetes mellitus or impaired fasting glucose (fasting glucose ≥ 100mg/dL)
5. LDL of ≥160mg/dL and/or triglycerides of ≥400mg/dL
6. Pregnant or breast feeding women
7. Prior history of an acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction or revascularization procedures in the past
8. Life-threatening disease with a survival prognosis \<3 years
9. Inability to take rosiglitazone and/or fenofibrate
10. Already on statin therapy or have been on statin therapy in the last 3 months
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Yes
Sponsors
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GlaxoSmithKline
INDUSTRY
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Ahmad Slim
FED
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Ahmad Slim
Director, Cardiovascular Research
Responsibility Role
SPONSOR_INVESTIGATOR
Principal Investigators
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Ahmad m slim, MD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Brooke Army Medical Center
Laudino Castillo-rojas, MD
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
Brooke Army Medical Center
Jennifer N Slim, DO
Role: STUDY_DIRECTOR
Brooke Army Medical Center
Locations
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Brooke Army Medical Center
San Antonio, Texas, United States
Site Status
Countries
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United States
References
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O'Rourke CM, Davis JA, Saltiel AR, Cornicelli JA. Metabolic effects of troglitazone in the Goto-Kakizaki rat, a non-obese and normolipidemic rodent model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 1997 Feb;46(2):192-8. doi: 10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90301-2.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Ciaraldi TP, Gilmore A, Olefsky JM, Goldberg M, Heidenreich KA. In vitro studies on the action of CS-045, a new antidiabetic agent. Metabolism. 1990 Oct;39(10):1056-62. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(90)90166-a.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
5. Troglitazone study group. The metabolic effects of troglitazone in non-insulin dependent diabetes. Diabetes 197; 46:Suppl 1:149A.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Nolan JJ, Ludvik B, Beerdsen P, Joyce M, Olefsky J. Improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in obese subjects treated with troglitazone. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 3;331(18):1188-93. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199411033311803.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Chu NV, Kong AP, Kim DD, Armstrong D, Baxi S, Deutsch R, Caulfield M, Mudaliar SR, Reitz R, Henry RR, Reaven PD. Differential effects of metformin and troglitazone on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002 Mar;25(3):542-9. doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.3.542.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Coresh J, Kwiterovich PO Jr. Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles and coronary heart disease risk: A clear association with uncertain implications. JAMA. 1996 Sep 18;276(11):914-5. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Stampfer MJ, Krauss RM, Ma J, Blanche PJ, Holl LG, Sacks FM, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of triglyceride level, low-density lipoprotein particle diameter, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1996 Sep 18;276(11):882-8.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Gardner CD, Fortmann SP, Krauss RM. Association of small low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women. JAMA. 1996 Sep 18;276(11):875-81.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
11. Weinber, R.B. Lipoprotein metabolism: hormone regulation. Hosp. Prac 1987 :June' 15 :125-145.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Dunn FL. Hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Med Clin North Am. 1982 Nov;66(6):1347-60. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)31368-2. No abstract available.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Schoonjans K, Staels B, Auwerx J. Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in mediating the effects of fibrates and fatty acids on gene expression. J Lipid Res. 1996 May;37(5):907-25.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Staels B, Dallongeville J, Auwerx J, Schoonjans K, Leitersdorf E, Fruchart JC. Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation. 1998 Nov 10;98(19):2088-93. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.98.19.2088.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Bahr M, Spelleken M, Bock M, von Holtey M, Kiehn R, Eckel J. Acute and chronic effects of troglitazone (CS-045) on isolated rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. Diabetologia. 1996 Jul;39(7):766-74. doi: 10.1007/s001250050509.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Ciaraldi TP, Huber-Knudsen K, Hickman M, Olefsky JM. Regulation of glucose transport in cultured muscle cells by novel hypoglycemic agents. Metabolism. 1995 Aug;44(8):976-81. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(95)90092-6.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Lehmann JM, Moore LB, Smith-Oliver TA, Wilkison WO, Willson TM, Kliewer SA. An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma). J Biol Chem. 1995 Jun 2;270(22):12953-6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.22.12953.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Lefebvre AM, Peinado-Onsurbe J, Leitersdorf I, Briggs MR, Paterniti JR, Fruchart JC, Fievet C, Auwerx J, Staels B. Regulation of lipoprotein metabolism by thiazolidinediones occurs through a distinct but complementary mechanism relative to fibrates. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Sep;17(9):1756-64. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.17.9.1756.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
1. American Diabetes association. Standards of medical care for patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997 ;20 : Suppl 1 :55-513.
Reference Type
RESULT
Lee MK, Miles PD, Khoursheed M, Gao KM, Moossa AR, Olefsky JM. Metabolic effects of troglitazone on fructose-induced insulin resistance in the rat. Diabetes. 1994 Dec;43(12):1435-9. doi: 10.2337/diab.43.12.1435.
Reference Type
RESULT
Other Identifiers
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C.2007.122
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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