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Clinical Trials
NCT00783887

Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

Last Updated: 2013-08-07

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Total Enrollment

125 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

2010-01-31

Study Completion Date

2012-12-31

Brief Summary

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Primary ciliary dyskinesia is an inherited respiratory disease caused by various functional and ultrastructural abnormalities of respiratory cilia. The genetic heterogeneity underlying PCD is extremely important and only few genes are clearly implicated in PCD. Their mutations account for about 20% of patients. For all the other PCD patients, the genes responsible for their ciliary defect remain to be identify.

Detailed Description

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1/ Evaluating the frequency of mutations of the two main genes implicated in PCD, in a large cohort of patients with PCD confirmed by ciliary investigations.2/ Identifying and testing new candidate genes responsible not only for typical PCD and related disorders of the axoneme, but also for so far-unexplored "syndromic forms of PCD", taking advantage of data obtained through comparative genomic approaches between different species, ciliated or not.

Conditions

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Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Kartagener Syndrome

Keywords

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Cilia Axoneme Dynein Gene Ultrastructure Linkage analysis

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

FAMILY_BASED

Study Time Perspective

CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

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1

Patients with suspected or confirmed primary ciliary dyskinesia after ciliary investigations who accepted to participate to the genetic studies

Blood sample

Intervention Type OTHER

Blood sample of 5 ml

Interventions

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Blood sample

Blood sample of 5 ml

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

* Patients with suspected or confirmed primary ciliary dyskinesia after ciliary investigations who accepted to participate to the genetic studies.

Exclusion Criteria

* Patients with exclusion of primary ciliary dyskinesia after ciliary investigations.

Minimum Eligible Age

1 Month

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Serge AMSELEM, MD PhD

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris

Locations

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Hôpital A. Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie Médicales

Paris, , France

Site Status

Countries

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France

References

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Bush A, Cole P, Hariri M, Mackay I, Phillips G, O'Callaghan C, Wilson R, Warner JO. Primary ciliary dyskinesia: diagnosis and standards of care. Eur Respir J. 1998 Oct;12(4):982-8. doi: 10.1183/09031936.98.12040982.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 9817179 (View on PubMed)

Noone PG, Leigh MW, Sannuti A, Minnix SL, Carson JL, Hazucha M, Zariwala MA, Knowles MR. Primary ciliary dyskinesia: diagnostic and phenotypic features. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Feb 15;169(4):459-67. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200303-365OC. Epub 2003 Dec 4.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 14656747 (View on PubMed)

Holzmann D, Ott PM, Felix H. Diagnostic approach to primary ciliary dyskinesia: a review. Eur J Pediatr. 2000 Jan-Feb;159(1-2):95-8. doi: 10.1007/pl00013813.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 10653339 (View on PubMed)

Afzelius BA, Gargani G, Romano C. Abnormal length of cilia as a possible cause of defective mucociliary clearance. Eur J Respir Dis. 1985 Mar;66(3):173-80.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 3979484 (View on PubMed)

Escudier E, Escalier D, Pinchon MC, Boucherat M, Bernaudin JF, Fleury-Feith J. Dissimilar expression of axonemal anomalies in respiratory cilia and sperm flagella in infertile men. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Sep;142(3):674-9. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/142.3.674.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 2389919 (View on PubMed)

Verra F, Fleury-Feith J, Boucherat M, Pinchon MC, Bignon J, Escudier E. Do nasal ciliary changes reflect bronchial changes? An ultrastructural study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Apr;147(4):908-13. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.4.908.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 8466127 (View on PubMed)

Wodehouse T, Kharitonov SA, Mackay IS, Barnes PJ, Wilson R, Cole PJ. Nasal nitric oxide measurements for the screening of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J. 2003 Jan;21(1):43-7. doi: 10.1183/09031936.03.00305503.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 12570107 (View on PubMed)

Arnal JF, Flores P, Rami J, Murris-Espin M, Bremont F, Pasto I Aguilla M, Serrano E, Didier A. Nasal nitric oxide concentration in paranasal sinus inflammatory diseases. Eur Respir J. 1999 Feb;13(2):307-12. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13b15.x.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 10065673 (View on PubMed)

Karadag B, James AJ, Gultekin E, Wilson NM, Bush A. Nasal and lower airway level of nitric oxide in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J. 1999 Jun;13(6):1402-5. doi: 10.1183/09031936.99.13614069.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 10445619 (View on PubMed)

Rossman CM, Lee RM, Forrest JB, Newhouse MT. Nasal cilia in normal man, primary ciliary dyskinesia and other respiratory diseases: analysis of motility and ultrastructure. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1983;127:64-70.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 6225660 (View on PubMed)

Chilvers MA, Rutman A, O'Callaghan C. Functional analysis of cilia and ciliated epithelial ultrastructure in healthy children and young adults. Thorax. 2003 Apr;58(4):333-8. doi: 10.1136/thorax.58.4.333.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 12668798 (View on PubMed)

Tamalet A, Clement A, Roudot-Thoraval F, Desmarquest P, Roger G, Boule M, Millepied MC, Baculard TA, Escudier E. Abnormal central complex is a marker of severity in the presence of partial ciliary defect. Pediatrics. 2001 Nov;108(5):E86. doi: 10.1542/peds.108.5.e86.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11694670 (View on PubMed)

Moore A, Escudier E, Roger G, Tamalet A, Pelosse B, Marlin S, Clement A, Geremek M, Delaisi B, Bridoux AM, Coste A, Witt M, Duriez B, Amselem S. RPGR is mutated in patients with a complex X linked phenotype combining primary ciliary dyskinesia and retinitis pigmentosa. J Med Genet. 2006 Apr;43(4):326-33. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2005.034868. Epub 2005 Jul 31.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 16055928 (View on PubMed)

Krawczynski MR, Witt M. PCD and RP: X-linked inheritance of both disorders? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004 Jul;38(1):88-9. doi: 10.1002/ppul.30001.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 15170879 (View on PubMed)

Pennarun G, Escudier E, Chapelin C, Bridoux AM, Cacheux V, Roger G, Clement A, Goossens M, Amselem S, Duriez B. Loss-of-function mutations in a human gene related to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii dynein IC78 result in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Dec;65(6):1508-19. doi: 10.1086/302683.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 10577904 (View on PubMed)

Porter ME. Axonemal dyneins: assembly, organization, and regulation. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1996 Feb;8(1):10-7. doi: 10.1016/s0955-0674(96)80042-1.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 8791407 (View on PubMed)

Porter ME, Sale WS. The 9 + 2 axoneme anchors multiple inner arm dyneins and a network of kinases and phosphatases that control motility. J Cell Biol. 2000 Nov 27;151(5):F37-42. doi: 10.1083/jcb.151.5.f37. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11086017 (View on PubMed)

Zariwala M, Noone PG, Sannuti A, Minnix S, Zhou Z, Leigh MW, Hazucha M, Carson JL, Knowles MR. Germline mutations in an intermediate chain dynein cause primary ciliary dyskinesia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001 Nov;25(5):577-83. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.25.5.4619.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11713099 (View on PubMed)

Guichard C, Harricane MC, Lafitte JJ, Godard P, Zaegel M, Tack V, Lalau G, Bouvagnet P. Axonemal dynein intermediate-chain gene (DNAI1) mutations result in situs inversus and primary ciliary dyskinesia (Kartagener syndrome). Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Apr;68(4):1030-5. doi: 10.1086/319511. Epub 2001 Feb 23.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11231901 (View on PubMed)

Dutcher SK. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: biological rationale for genomics. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2000 Jul-Aug;47(4):340-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00059.x.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11140447 (View on PubMed)

Kamiya R. Functional diversity of axonemal dyneins as studied in Chlamydomonas mutants. Int Rev Cytol. 2002;219:115-55. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)19012-7.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 12211628 (View on PubMed)

Pennarun G, Chapelin C, Escudier E, Bridoux AM, Dastot F, Cacheux V, Goossens M, Amselem S, Duriez B. The human dynein intermediate chain 2 gene (DNAI2): cloning, mapping, expression pattern, and evaluation as a candidate for primary ciliary dyskinesia. Hum Genet. 2000 Dec;107(6):642-9. doi: 10.1007/s004390000427.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11153919 (View on PubMed)

Bartoloni L, Blouin JL, Maiti AK, Sainsbury A, Rossier C, Gehrig C, She JX, Marron MP, Lander ES, Meeks M, Chung E, Armengot M, Jorissen M, Scott HS, Delozier-Blanchet CD, Gardiner RM, Antonarakis SE. Axonemal beta heavy chain dynein DNAH9: cDNA sequence, genomic structure, and investigation of its role in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Genomics. 2001 Feb 15;72(1):21-33. doi: 10.1006/geno.2000.6462.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11247663 (View on PubMed)

Pennarun G, Bridoux AM, Escudier E, Dastot-Le Moal F, Cacheux V, Amselem S, Duriez B. Isolation and expression of the human hPF20 gene orthologous to Chlamydomonas PF20: evaluation as a candidate for axonemal defects of respiratory cilia and sperm flagella. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2002 Mar;26(3):362-70. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.3.4738.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11867345 (View on PubMed)

Omran H, Haffner K, Volkel A, Kuehr J, Ketelsen UP, Ross UH, Konietzko N, Wienker T, Brandis M, Hildebrandt F. Homozygosity mapping of a gene locus for primary ciliary dyskinesia on chromosome 5p and identification of the heavy dynein chain DNAH5 as a candidate gene. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000 Nov;23(5):696-702. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.23.5.4257.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11062149 (View on PubMed)

Olbrich H, Haffner K, Kispert A, Volkel A, Volz A, Sasmaz G, Reinhardt R, Hennig S, Lehrach H, Konietzko N, Zariwala M, Noone PG, Knowles M, Mitchison HM, Meeks M, Chung EM, Hildebrandt F, Sudbrak R, Omran H. Mutations in DNAH5 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia and randomization of left-right asymmetry. Nat Genet. 2002 Feb;30(2):143-4. doi: 10.1038/ng817. Epub 2002 Jan 14.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11788826 (View on PubMed)

Bartoloni L, Blouin JL, Pan Y, Gehrig C, Maiti AK, Scamuffa N, Rossier C, Jorissen M, Armengot M, Meeks M, Mitchison HM, Chung EM, Delozier-Blanchet CD, Craigen WJ, Antonarakis SE. Mutations in the DNAH11 (axonemal heavy chain dynein type 11) gene cause one form of situs inversus totalis and most likely primary ciliary dyskinesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Aug 6;99(16):10282-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.152337699. Epub 2002 Jul 25.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 12142464 (View on PubMed)

Volz A, Boyle JM, Cann HM, Cottingham RW, Orr HT, Ziegler A. Report of the Second International Workshop on Human Chromosome 6. Genomics. 1994 May 15;21(2):464-72. doi: 10.1006/geno.1994.1302. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 8088851 (View on PubMed)

Meeks M, Walne A, Spiden S, Simpson H, Mussaffi-Georgy H, Hamam HD, Fehaid EL, Cheehab M, Al-Dabbagh M, Polak-Charcon S, Blau H, O'Rawe A, Mitchison HM, Gardiner RM, Chung E. A locus for primary ciliary dyskinesia maps to chromosome 19q. J Med Genet. 2000 Apr;37(4):241-4. doi: 10.1136/jmg.37.4.241.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 10745040 (View on PubMed)

Witt M, Wang Yf, Wang S, Sun Ce, Pawlik J, Rutkiewicz E, Zebrak J, Diehl SR. Exclusion of chromosome 7 for Kartagener syndrome but suggestion of linkage in families with other forms of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Jan;64(1):313-8. doi: 10.1086/302203. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 9915976 (View on PubMed)

Geremek M, Zietkiewicz E, Diehl SR, Alizadeh BZ, Wijmenga C, Witt M. Linkage analysis localises a Kartagener syndrome gene to a 3.5 cM region on chromosome 15q24-25. J Med Genet. 2006 Jan;43(1):e1. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2005.031526.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 16397065 (View on PubMed)

Jeganathan D, Chodhari R, Meeks M, Faeroe O, Smyth D, Nielsen K, Amirav I, Luder AS, Bisgaard H, Gardiner RM, Chung EM, Mitchison HM. Loci for primary ciliary dyskinesia map to chromosome 16p12.1-12.2 and 15q13.1-15.1 in Faroe Islands and Israeli Druze genetic isolates. J Med Genet. 2004 Mar;41(3):233-40. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2003.014084. No abstract available.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 14985390 (View on PubMed)

Blouin JL, Meeks M, Radhakrishna U, Sainsbury A, Gehring C, Sail GD, Bartoloni L, Dombi V, O'Rawe A, Walne A, Chung E, Afzelius BA, Armengot M, Jorissen M, Schidlow DV, van Maldergem L, Walt H, Gardiner RM, Probst D, Guerne PA, Delozier-Blanchet CD, Antonarakis SE. Primary ciliary dyskinesia: a genome-wide linkage analysis reveals extensive locus heterogeneity. Eur J Hum Genet. 2000 Feb;8(2):109-18. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200429.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 10757642 (View on PubMed)

Chilvers MA, Rutman A, O'Callaghan C. Ciliary beat pattern is associated with specific ultrastructural defects in primary ciliary dyskinesia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Sep;112(3):518-24. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(03)01799-8.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 13679810 (View on PubMed)

Rutland J, Cox T, Dewar A, Cole P. Screening for ciliary dyskinesia - a spectrum of defects of motility and structure. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1983;127:71-7.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 6225661 (View on PubMed)

de Iongh RU, Rutland J. Ciliary defects in healthy subjects, bronchiectasis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 May;151(5):1559-67. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.5.7735615.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 7735615 (View on PubMed)

Cazeneuve C, Ajrapetyan H, Papin S, Roudot-Thoraval F, Genevieve D, Mndjoyan E, Papazian M, Sarkisian A, Babloyan A, Boissier B, Duquesnoy P, Kouyoumdjian JC, Girodon-Boulandet E, Grateau G, Sarkisian T, Amselem S. Identification of MEFV-independent modifying genetic factors for familial Mediterranean fever. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Nov;67(5):1136-43. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62944-9. Epub 2000 Oct 3.

Reference Type BACKGROUND

PMID: 11017802 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

Review additional registry numbers or institutional identifiers associated with this trial.

AOM 06053

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id

Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

Study Results

Basic Information

Brief Summary

Detailed Description

Conditions

Keywords

Study Design

Study Groups

1

Blood sample

Interventions

Blood sample

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Sponsors

Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris

Responsible Party

Principal Investigators

Serge AMSELEM, MD PhD

Locations

Hôpital A. Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie Médicales

Countries

References

Bush A, Cole P, Hariri M, Mackay I, Phillips G, O'Callaghan C, Wilson R, Warner JO. Primary ciliary dyskinesia: diagnosis and standards of care. Eur Respir J. 1998 Oct;12(4):982-8. doi: 10.1183/09031936.98.12040982.

Noone PG, Leigh MW, Sannuti A, Minnix SL, Carson JL, Hazucha M, Zariwala MA, Knowles MR. Primary ciliary dyskinesia: diagnostic and phenotypic features. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Feb 15;169(4):459-67. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200303-365OC. Epub 2003 Dec 4.

Holzmann D, Ott PM, Felix H. Diagnostic approach to primary ciliary dyskinesia: a review. Eur J Pediatr. 2000 Jan-Feb;159(1-2):95-8. doi: 10.1007/pl00013813.

Afzelius BA, Gargani G, Romano C. Abnormal length of cilia as a possible cause of defective mucociliary clearance. Eur J Respir Dis. 1985 Mar;66(3):173-80.

Escudier E, Escalier D, Pinchon MC, Boucherat M, Bernaudin JF, Fleury-Feith J. Dissimilar expression of axonemal anomalies in respiratory cilia and sperm flagella in infertile men. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Sep;142(3):674-9. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/142.3.674.

Verra F, Fleury-Feith J, Boucherat M, Pinchon MC, Bignon J, Escudier E. Do nasal ciliary changes reflect bronchial changes? An ultrastructural study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Apr;147(4):908-13. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.4.908.

Wodehouse T, Kharitonov SA, Mackay IS, Barnes PJ, Wilson R, Cole PJ. Nasal nitric oxide measurements for the screening of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J. 2003 Jan;21(1):43-7. doi: 10.1183/09031936.03.00305503.

Arnal JF, Flores P, Rami J, Murris-Espin M, Bremont F, Pasto I Aguilla M, Serrano E, Didier A. Nasal nitric oxide concentration in paranasal sinus inflammatory diseases. Eur Respir J. 1999 Feb;13(2):307-12. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13b15.x.

Karadag B, James AJ, Gultekin E, Wilson NM, Bush A. Nasal and lower airway level of nitric oxide in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J. 1999 Jun;13(6):1402-5. doi: 10.1183/09031936.99.13614069.

Rossman CM, Lee RM, Forrest JB, Newhouse MT. Nasal cilia in normal man, primary ciliary dyskinesia and other respiratory diseases: analysis of motility and ultrastructure. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1983;127:64-70.

Chilvers MA, Rutman A, O'Callaghan C. Functional analysis of cilia and ciliated epithelial ultrastructure in healthy children and young adults. Thorax. 2003 Apr;58(4):333-8. doi: 10.1136/thorax.58.4.333.

Tamalet A, Clement A, Roudot-Thoraval F, Desmarquest P, Roger G, Boule M, Millepied MC, Baculard TA, Escudier E. Abnormal central complex is a marker of severity in the presence of partial ciliary defect. Pediatrics. 2001 Nov;108(5):E86. doi: 10.1542/peds.108.5.e86.

Krawczynski MR, Witt M. PCD and RP: X-linked inheritance of both disorders? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004 Jul;38(1):88-9. doi: 10.1002/ppul.30001.

Porter ME. Axonemal dyneins: assembly, organization, and regulation. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1996 Feb;8(1):10-7. doi: 10.1016/s0955-0674(96)80042-1.

Porter ME, Sale WS. The 9 + 2 axoneme anchors multiple inner arm dyneins and a network of kinases and phosphatases that control motility. J Cell Biol. 2000 Nov 27;151(5):F37-42. doi: 10.1083/jcb.151.5.f37. No abstract available.

Zariwala M, Noone PG, Sannuti A, Minnix S, Zhou Z, Leigh MW, Hazucha M, Carson JL, Knowles MR. Germline mutations in an intermediate chain dynein cause primary ciliary dyskinesia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001 Nov;25(5):577-83. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.25.5.4619.

Dutcher SK. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: biological rationale for genomics. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2000 Jul-Aug;47(4):340-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00059.x.

Kamiya R. Functional diversity of axonemal dyneins as studied in Chlamydomonas mutants. Int Rev Cytol. 2002;219:115-55. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)19012-7.

Volz A, Boyle JM, Cann HM, Cottingham RW, Orr HT, Ziegler A. Report of the Second International Workshop on Human Chromosome 6. Genomics. 1994 May 15;21(2):464-72. doi: 10.1006/geno.1994.1302. No abstract available.

Meeks M, Walne A, Spiden S, Simpson H, Mussaffi-Georgy H, Hamam HD, Fehaid EL, Cheehab M, Al-Dabbagh M, Polak-Charcon S, Blau H, O'Rawe A, Mitchison HM, Gardiner RM, Chung E. A locus for primary ciliary dyskinesia maps to chromosome 19q. J Med Genet. 2000 Apr;37(4):241-4. doi: 10.1136/jmg.37.4.241.

Witt M, Wang Yf, Wang S, Sun Ce, Pawlik J, Rutkiewicz E, Zebrak J, Diehl SR. Exclusion of chromosome 7 for Kartagener syndrome but suggestion of linkage in families with other forms of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Jan;64(1):313-8. doi: 10.1086/302203. No abstract available.

Geremek M, Zietkiewicz E, Diehl SR, Alizadeh BZ, Wijmenga C, Witt M. Linkage analysis localises a Kartagener syndrome gene to a 3.5 cM region on chromosome 15q24-25. J Med Genet. 2006 Jan;43(1):e1. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2005.031526.

Chilvers MA, Rutman A, O'Callaghan C. Ciliary beat pattern is associated with specific ultrastructural defects in primary ciliary dyskinesia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Sep;112(3):518-24. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(03)01799-8.

Rutland J, Cox T, Dewar A, Cole P. Screening for ciliary dyskinesia - a spectrum of defects of motility and structure. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1983;127:71-7.

de Iongh RU, Rutland J. Ciliary defects in healthy subjects, bronchiectasis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 May;151(5):1559-67. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.5.7735615.

Other Identifiers

AOM 06053