Trial Outcomes & Findings for Harnessing Health IT for Self-Management Support and Medication Activation in a Medicaid Health Plan (NCT NCT00683020)
NCT ID: NCT00683020
Last Updated: 2013-05-15
Results Overview
The SF-12 Health Survey (SF-12) is a 12-item short-form survey used to measure health status and monitor health outcomes. The survey asks about various health aspects, including physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health (psychological distress and psychological well-being). Two summary measures are derived: the Physical and the Mental Health Component Summary. For each component summary, survey items were weighted and summed to create a summary score between 0 and 100 with higher score indicating better functioning and outcome. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
COMPLETED
NA
362 participants
Baseline and 6 months
2013-05-15
Participant Flow
The study sample was drawn from San Francisco Health Plan The study sample was drawn April 2009 - March 2011 from San Francisco Health Plan (SFHP) members who received primary care at one of four publicly-funded clinics in the Community Health Network of San Francisco (CHNSF).
SFHP members deemed eligible were English-, Cantonese-, or Spanish-speaking adults (age 18 or above) with ≥1 primary care clinic visit in the preceding 24 months, had diabetes diagnosis, and access to a touch-tone phone. Members who were pregnant, unable to provide verbal consent, or leaving the region in the next 12 months were ineligible.
Participant milestones
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Overall Study
STARTED
|
182
|
180
|
|
Overall Study
COMPLETED
|
127
|
125
|
|
Overall Study
NOT COMPLETED
|
55
|
55
|
Reasons for withdrawal
Withdrawal data not reported
Baseline Characteristics
Harnessing Health IT for Self-Management Support and Medication Activation in a Medicaid Health Plan
Baseline characteristics by cohort
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
n=127 Participants
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
n=125 Participants
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
Total
n=252 Participants
Total of all reporting groups
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age Continuous
|
56.5 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.9 • n=5 Participants
|
55.0 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.6 • n=7 Participants
|
55.7 years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.2 • n=5 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Female
|
98 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
89 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
187 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Sex: Female, Male
Male
|
29 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
36 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
65 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Latino
|
32 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
25 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
57 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Black / African-American
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
19 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Asian / Pacific Islander
|
77 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
78 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
155 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
White / Caucasian
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
9 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
16 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Multi-Ethnic / Other
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
1 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
5 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Birth Place
Outside U.S.
|
110 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
106 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
216 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Birth Place
Inside U.S.
|
17 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
19 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
36 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Language
Cantonese
|
69 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
69 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
138 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Language
Spanish
|
25 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
23 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
48 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Language
English
|
33 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
33 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
66 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Language Concordance with Primary Care Provider
Concordant
|
33 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
26 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
59 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Language Concordance with Primary Care Provider
Discordant
|
57 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
62 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
119 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Educational Attainment
8th grade education or less
|
50 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
58 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
108 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Educational Attainment
Some high school
|
13 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
12 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
25 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Educational Attainment
High school graduate or GED
|
33 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
22 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
55 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Educational Attainment
College graduate or above
|
31 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
33 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
64 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Health Literacy
Limited
|
58 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
50 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
108 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Health Literacy
Adequate
|
68 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
75 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
143 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Employment Status
Employed full-time
|
28 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
26 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
54 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Employment Status
Part-time
|
63 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
58 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
121 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Employment Status
Unemployed
|
12 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
15 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
27 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Employment Status
Disabled
|
7 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
13 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
20 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Employment Status
Homemaker / Retired / Other
|
17 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
13 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
30 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Annual Household Income
≤ $20,000
|
73 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
75 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
148 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Annual Household Income
$20,001 - $30,000
|
24 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
25 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
49 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Annual Household Income
>$30,000
|
19 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
19 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
38 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Financial Class - Insurance Type
Medicaid
|
28 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
22 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
50 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Financial Class - Insurance Type
Medicare
|
4 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
7 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
11 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Financial Class - Insurance Type
Uninsured / Commercial
|
1 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
2 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
3 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Financial Class - Insurance Type
Healthy Worker / Healthy San Francisco
|
93 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
94 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
187 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Diabetes Duration
|
6.9 Years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.9 • n=5 Participants
|
7.2 Years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.4 • n=7 Participants
|
7.0 Years
STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.7 • n=5 Participants
|
|
Insulin Treatment
Yes
|
25 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
18 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
43 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Insulin Treatment
No
|
102 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
107 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
209 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Hemoglobin A1c
> 8.0%
|
37 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
29 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
66 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Hemoglobin A1c
≤ 8.0%
|
87 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
90 Participants
n=7 Participants
|
177 Participants
n=5 Participants
|
|
Hemoglobin A1c
|
7.8 %
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6 • n=5 Participants
|
7.5 %
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.3 • n=7 Participants
|
7.7 %
STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.5 • n=5 Participants
|
|
Systolic Blood Pressure
|
127.3 mm Hg
STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.3 • n=5 Participants
|
128.1 mm Hg
STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.2 • n=7 Participants
|
127.7 mm Hg
STANDARD_DEVIATION 17.7 • n=5 Participants
|
|
Diastolic Blood Pressure
|
72.9 mm Hg
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.3 • n=5 Participants
|
76.1 mm Hg
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.9 • n=7 Participants
|
74.5 mm Hg
STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.7 • n=5 Participants
|
|
Low-density Lipoprotein
|
92.7 mg/dL
STANDARD_DEVIATION 30.3 • n=5 Participants
|
93.5 mg/dL
STANDARD_DEVIATION 31.5 • n=7 Participants
|
93.1 mg/dL
STANDARD_DEVIATION 30.8 • n=5 Participants
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 monthsPopulation: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
The SF-12 Health Survey (SF-12) is a 12-item short-form survey used to measure health status and monitor health outcomes. The survey asks about various health aspects, including physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health (psychological distress and psychological well-being). Two summary measures are derived: the Physical and the Mental Health Component Summary. For each component summary, survey items were weighted and summed to create a summary score between 0 and 100 with higher score indicating better functioning and outcome. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
n=119 Participants
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
n=119 Participants
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Changes in the Physical Component Summary of the SF-12 Health Survey
|
1.3 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.7
|
-0.7 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.7
|
PRIMARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 monthsPopulation: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
The SF-12 Health Survey (SF-12) is a 12-item short-form survey used to measure health status and monitor health outcomes. The survey asks about various health aspects, including physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health (psychological distress and psychological well-being). Two summary measures are derived: the Physical and the Mental Health Component Summary. For each component summary, survey items were weighted and summed to create a summary score between 0 and 100 with higher score indicating better functioning and outcome. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
n=119 Participants
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
n=119 Participants
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Changes in the Mental Component Summary of the SF-12 Health Survey
|
1.4 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.8
|
0.0 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.8
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsPopulation: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
A measure of patients' functional status is ascertained by asking patients the following question: "In the last 30 days, how many days did health problems keep you in bed for all or most of the day?" Number of days may range from 0 to 30, with lower number of days indicating better functional status. Because a negative binomial model was used to analyze the data for number of days spent in bed due to illness, log means are reported. A log mean is the natural (base e) logarithm of the mean (in this context specifically, the mean number of days spent in bed due to illness). To calculate the mean, one raises e by the number given as the log mean. Lower log means indicate better functional status.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
n=127 Participants
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
n=124 Participants
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Number of Days Spent in Bed Due to Illness
|
0.02 log days
95% Confidence Interval 0.3 • Interval 0.01 to 0.03
|
0.03 log days
95% Confidence Interval 0.3 • Interval 0.016 to 0.051
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: 6 monthsPopulation: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
A measure of diabetes interference on patients is ascertained by asking patients the following question: "In the last 6 months, how often has your diabetes kept you from doing your normal daily activities, such as going to work, grocery shopping, and taking care of yourself and others?" Responses consist of 6 possible options: "Always", "Almost Always", "Often", "Sometimes", "Almost Never", and "Never". These responses are grouped into 2 categories, with one category consisting of "Always", "Almost Always", and "Often" responses while the other category consists of the remaining responses. The proportion of patients reporting diabetes interference is the number of patients in the first category divided by the number of patients in the 2 categories combined.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
n=127 Participants
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
n=124 Participants
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Proportion of Patients Reporting Diabetes Interference of Normal Daily Activities
|
0.039 proportion of patients
Interval 0.1 to 0.6
|
0.088 proportion of patients
Interval 0.0 to 0.0
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 monthsPopulation: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Measure is a brief self-report questionnaire on diabetes self-management behaviors. The questionnaire assesses the frequency with which a patient followed a diabetes routine over the prior 7 days in five domains: diet, exercise, blood-glucose testing, foot care, and medication adherence. Based on SDSCA measure's author's recommendations, two separate scores are derived: a Diabetes Self-management Behaviors score and a Self-reported Medication Adherence score. For the Diabetes Self-management Behaviors score, all items pertaining to diet, exercise, blood glucose testing, and foot care are averaged. For the Self-reported Medication Adherence score, all items pertaining to medication use are averaged. For both scores, the result is an average score between 0 and 7 with higher score indicating better diabetes self-management behavior or better medication adherence. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
n=127 Participants
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
n=125 Participants
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Changes in Diabetes Self-management Behaviors as Measured by Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Scale
|
0.7 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.4
|
0.08 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.08
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 monthsPopulation: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Measure is a brief self-report questionnaire on diabetes self-management behaviors. The questionnaire assesses the frequency with which a patient followed a diabetes routine over the prior 7 days in five domains: diet, exercise, blood-glucose testing, foot care, and medication adherence. Based on SDSCA measure's author's recommendations, two separate scores are derived: a Diabetes Self-management Behaviors score and a Self-reported Medication Adherence score. For the Diabetes Self-management Behaviors score, all items pertaining to diet, exercise, blood glucose testing, and foot care are averaged. For the Self-reported Medication Adherence score, all items pertaining to medication use are averaged. For both scores, the result is an average score between 0 and 7 with higher score indicating better diabetes self-management behavior or better medication adherence. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
n=122 Participants
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
n=117 Participants
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Changes in Self-reported Medication Adherence as Measured by Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Scale
|
0.2 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
0.2 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.06
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 monthsPopulation: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
The Patient Self-Management Scale was derived from a questionnaire used in the Diabetes Quality Improvement Project. The scale is designed to reflect patients' assessment of their ability to manage aspects of diabetes self-care in 5 separate areas (medication, diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, and foot care). Respondents are asked how difficult over the past 6 months has it been to follow exactly as their doctor who takes care of their diabetes suggested. Possible scores for each scale item range from 0 to 100 with higher score indicating more self-efficacy. Total scale score is calculated as the average across all items. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
n=127 Participants
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
n=125 Participants
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Changes in Diabetes Self-efficacy as Measured by Diabetes Quality Improvement Project's Patient Self-Management Scale
|
6.8 units on a scale
Standard Error 1.1
|
5.7 units on a scale
Standard Error 1.1
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 monthsPopulation: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
The Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) is a 20-item patient report instrument that measures patients' perspectives on the structure of their care and collects patient reports on the extent to which they have received specific clinical services and actions during the past 6 months that are aligned with the Chronic Care Model. The scale is intended to assess the receipt of care that is patient-centered, proactive, planned and includes collaborative goal setting, problem-solving and follow-up support. Each instrument item is scored on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 to 5 with higher score indicating better care. Scores are transformed to a 100-point scale (0-100) and averaged across all items to create a total scale score. Higher transformed and total scale scores indicate better care. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
n=127 Participants
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
n=125 Participants
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Changes in Patient-centeredness of Care as Measured by Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) Scale
|
11.3 units on a scale
Standard Error 1.5
|
10.0 units on a scale
Standard Error 1.6
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 monthsPopulation: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
The Interpersonal Processes of Care (IPC) is an 18-item patient report instrument that measures patients' perspectives on the structure of their care and collects patient reports on providers' communication over the prior 6 months. The scale is intended to measure patients' assessment of providers' communication within 3 broad domains: communication (e.g., lack of clarity), decision making (e.g., patient-centered decision making), and interpersonal style (e.g., friendliness). Each instrument item is scored on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 to 5. Scores are transformed to a 100-point scale and averaged across all items to create a total scale score. Higher total scores indicate better communication. Change is calculated as 6-month score minus baseline score.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
n=127 Participants
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
n=125 Participants
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Changes in Patient-centeredness of Care as Measured by Interpersonal Processes of Care (IPC) Scale
|
-1.8 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.9
|
-3.8 units on a scale
Standard Error 0.9
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 monthsPopulation: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
Hemoglobin A1c is a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time. As the average amount of plasma glucose increases, the fraction of hemoglobin A1c increases in a predictable way. This serves as a marker for average blood glucose levels over the previous months prior to the measurement. Higher amounts of hemoglobin A1c indicate poorer control of blood glucose levels and have been associated with cardiovascular disease. Change is calculated as 6-month level minus baseline level.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
n=56 Participants
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
n=50 Participants
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Changes in Hemoglobin A1c Levels
|
-0.5 percentage
Standard Error 0.1
|
-0.2 percentage
Standard Error 0.1
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 monthsPopulation: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
Systolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted on arteries and vessels by the heart when it contracts and pushes blood through the arteries to the rest of the body. Change is calculated as 6-month pressure minus baseline pressure.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
n=79 Participants
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
n=88 Participants
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Changes in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
|
0.2 mm Hg
Standard Error 1.7
|
-0.4 mm Hg
Standard Error 1.6
|
SECONDARY outcome
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 monthsPopulation: The Participant Flow Module numbers are the numbers of participants in the particular categories of the module. However, the number of participants analyzed counts only those participants who have both baseline and 6-month follow-up outcome data.
Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries and vessels in between heart beats, when the heart is relaxed and dilated, filling with blood. Change is calculated as 6-month pressure minus baseline pressure.
Outcome measures
| Measure |
ATSM Intervention
n=79 Participants
ATSM Intervention: Automated Telephone Self-Management Support.
|
WAIT LIST Control
n=88 Participants
WAIT LIST Control: six month Wait List.
|
|---|---|---|
|
Changes in Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
|
1.2 mm Hg
Standard Error 1.0
|
-0.9 mm Hg
Standard Error 1.0
|
Adverse Events
ATSM Intervention
WAIT LIST Control
Serious adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Other adverse events
Adverse event data not reported
Additional Information
Dean Schillinger, MD/Study Principal Investigator
University of California, San Francisco
Results disclosure agreements
- Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
- Publication restrictions are in place