Trial Outcomes & Findings for Tai Chi Mind-Body Therapy for Fibromyalgia (NCT NCT00515008)

Last Updated: 2016-03-08

Results Overview

Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) is a well-validated, multidimensional measure of the overall severity of fibromyalgia as rated by patients. Categories include the intensity of pain, physical functioning, fatigue, morning tiredness, stiffness, depression, anxiety, job difficulty, and overall well-being.21 The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

Target enrollment

66 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

wks 12

Results posted on

2016-03-08

Participant Flow

We conducted the trial from July 2007 through May 2009 at Tufts Medical Center, a tertiary care academic hospital in Boston.

90 Underwent baseline evaluation. 24 Were excluded: 1 Did not have fibromyalgia 4 Were physically unable to participate 17 Had scheduling conflicts 1 Was currently practicing tai chi 1 Had preexisting medical condition

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Tai Chi Group 12-week Tai Chi Program.: The tai chi intervention took place twice a week for 12 weeks, and each session lasted for 60 minutes. Classes were taught by a tai chi master with more than 20 years of teaching experience. In the first session, he explained the theory behind tai chi and its procedures and provided participants with printed materials on its principles and techniques. In subsequent sessions, participants practiced 10 forms from the classic Yang style of tai chi under his instruction. Each session included a warm-up and self-massage, followed by a review of principles, movements, breathing techniques, and relaxation in tai chi. Throughout the intervention period, participants were instructed to practice tai chi at home for at least 20 minutes each day. At the end of the 12-week intervention, participants were encouraged to maintain their tai chi practice, using an instructional DVD, up until the follow-up visit at 24 weeks.	Control Group 12-week Stretching and Wellness Education Program: Non-TC informational program. Our wellness education and stretching program similarly included 60-minute sessions held twice a week for 12 weeks. At each session, a variety of health professionals provided a 40-minute didactic lesson on a topic relating to fibromyalgia, including the diagnostic criteria; coping strategies and problem-solving techniques; diet and nutrition; sleep disorders and fibromyalgia; pain management, therapies, and medications; physical and mental health; exercise; and wellness and lifestyle management. For the final 20 minutes of each class, participants practiced stretching exercises supervised by the research staff. Stretches involved the upper body, trunk, and lower body and were held for 15 to 20 seconds. Participants were instructed to practice stretching at home for 20 minutes a day.
Overall Study STARTED	33	33
Overall Study Completed 12 Week Evaluation	32	29
Overall Study COMPLETED	30	29
Overall Study NOT COMPLETED	3	4

Reasons for withdrawal

Reasons for withdrawal
Measure	Tai Chi Group 12-week Tai Chi Program.: The tai chi intervention took place twice a week for 12 weeks, and each session lasted for 60 minutes. Classes were taught by a tai chi master with more than 20 years of teaching experience. In the first session, he explained the theory behind tai chi and its procedures and provided participants with printed materials on its principles and techniques. In subsequent sessions, participants practiced 10 forms from the classic Yang style of tai chi under his instruction. Each session included a warm-up and self-massage, followed by a review of principles, movements, breathing techniques, and relaxation in tai chi. Throughout the intervention period, participants were instructed to practice tai chi at home for at least 20 minutes each day. At the end of the 12-week intervention, participants were encouraged to maintain their tai chi practice, using an instructional DVD, up until the follow-up visit at 24 weeks.	Control Group 12-week Stretching and Wellness Education Program: Non-TC informational program. Our wellness education and stretching program similarly included 60-minute sessions held twice a week for 12 weeks. At each session, a variety of health professionals provided a 40-minute didactic lesson on a topic relating to fibromyalgia, including the diagnostic criteria; coping strategies and problem-solving techniques; diet and nutrition; sleep disorders and fibromyalgia; pain management, therapies, and medications; physical and mental health; exercise; and wellness and lifestyle management. For the final 20 minutes of each class, participants practiced stretching exercises supervised by the research staff. Stretches involved the upper body, trunk, and lower body and were held for 15 to 20 seconds. Participants were instructed to practice stretching at home for 20 minutes a day.
Overall Study Lost to Follow-up	1	0
Overall Study Declined	0	3
Overall Study Left the Boston Area	1	1
Overall Study Scheduling conflict	1	0

Baseline Characteristics

Tai Chi Mind-Body Therapy for Fibromyalgia

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	Tai Chi Group n=33 Participants 12-week Tai Chi Program.: 12-week Tai Chi classes	Control Group n=33 Participants 12-week Stretching and Wellness Education Program: Non-TC informational program	Total n=66 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Continuous	49.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.8 • n=5 Participants	50.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.5 • n=7 Participants	50 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.2 • n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	28 Participants n=5 Participants	29 Participants n=7 Participants	57 Participants n=5 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	5 Participants n=5 Participants	4 Participants n=7 Participants	9 Participants n=5 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	33 participants n=5 Participants	33 participants n=7 Participants	66 participants n=5 Participants
FIQ score	62.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.5 • n=5 Participants	68 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 11 • n=7 Participants	65.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.3 • n=5 Participants
Patient's global assessment score	5.8 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.3 • n=5 Participants	6.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8 • n=7 Participants	6.1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.1 • n=5 Participants
Physician's global assessment score	5.7 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9 • n=5 Participants	5.6 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.4 • n=7 Participants	5.7 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.2 • n=5 Participants
PSQI score	13.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.1 • n=5 Participants	13.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.7 • n=7 Participants	13.7 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.4 • n=5 Participants
6-Minute walk test	522.1 yards STANDARD_DEVIATION 102.7 • n=5 Participants	501.2 yards STANDARD_DEVIATION 106.6 • n=7 Participants	511.7 yards STANDARD_DEVIATION 104.7 • n=5 Participants
Body-mass index	33.9 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.9 • n=5 Participants	31.5 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.4 • n=7 Participants	32.7 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.2 • n=5 Participants
SF-36 score- Physical component	28.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.4 • n=5 Participants	28.0 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.8 • n=7 Participants	28.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.1 • n=5 Participants
SF-36 score- Mental component	42.6 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.2 • n=5 Participants	37.8 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.5 • n=7 Participants	40.2 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.4 • n=5 Participants
CES-D score	22.6 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.2 • n=5 Participants	27.8 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.2 • n=7 Participants	25.2 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.2 • n=5 Participants
CPSS score	5.2 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9 • n=5 Participants	4.6 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.2 • n=7 Participants	4.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.1 • n=5 Participants
Outcome Expectations for Exercise score	3.7 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.8 • n=5 Participants	3.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.7 • n=7 Participants	3.8 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.8 • n=5 Participants
High School or Higher Education	31 participants n=5 Participants	30 participants n=7 Participants	61 participants n=5 Participants
Duration of fibromyalgia-related pain - yr	11.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.9 • n=5 Participants	10.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.2 • n=7 Participants	10.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.1 • n=5 Participants
White race	20 participants n=5 Participants	17 participants n=7 Participants	37 participants n=5 Participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: wks 12

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Tai Chi n=33 Participants The tai chi intervention took place twice a week for 12 weeks, and each session lasted for 60 min- utes. Classes were taught by a tai chi master with more than 20 years of teaching experience. In the first session, he explained the theory behind tai chi and its procedures and provided participants with printed materials on its principles and tech- niques. In subsequent sessions, participants prac- ticed 10 forms from the classic Yang style of tai chi18 under his instruction. Each session included a warm-up and self-massage, followed by a review of principles, movements, breathing techniques, and relaxation in tai chi. Throughout the inter- vention period, participants were instructed to practice tai chi at home for at least 20 minutes each day. At the end of the 12-week intervention, participants were encouraged to maintain their tai chi practice, using an instructional DVD, up until the follow-up visit at 24 weeks.	Control Group n=33 Participants Our wellness education and stretching program similarly included 60-minute sessions held twice a week for 12 weeks.19 At each session, a variety of health professionals provided a 40-minute didactic lesson on a topic relating to fibromyal- gia, including the diagnostic criteria; coping strat- egies and problem-solving techniques; diet and nutrition; sleep disorders and fibromyalgia; pain management, therapies, and medications; physi- cal and mental health; exercise; and wellness and lifestyle management.20 For the final 20 minutes of each class, participants practiced stretching ex- ercises supervised by the research staff. Stretches involved the upper body, trunk, and lower body and were held for 15 to 20 seconds. Participants were instructed to practice stretching at home for 20 minutes a day.
Mean Change From Baseline of Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire Score	-27.8 units on a scale Interval -33.8 to -21.8	-9.4 units on a scale Interval -15.5 to -3.4

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: Wks 12

Physicians' global assessment score was assessed separately by the study physician, who was unaware of the group assignment, with the use of a visual-analogue scale (VAS) (range, 0 to 10,with higher scores indicating greater pain).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Tai Chi n=33 Participants The tai chi intervention took place twice a week for 12 weeks, and each session lasted for 60 min- utes. Classes were taught by a tai chi master with more than 20 years of teaching experience. In the first session, he explained the theory behind tai chi and its procedures and provided participants with printed materials on its principles and tech- niques. In subsequent sessions, participants prac- ticed 10 forms from the classic Yang style of tai chi18 under his instruction. Each session included a warm-up and self-massage, followed by a review of principles, movements, breathing techniques, and relaxation in tai chi. Throughout the inter- vention period, participants were instructed to practice tai chi at home for at least 20 minutes each day. At the end of the 12-week intervention, participants were encouraged to maintain their tai chi practice, using an instructional DVD, up until the follow-up visit at 24 weeks.	Control Group n=33 Participants Our wellness education and stretching program similarly included 60-minute sessions held twice a week for 12 weeks.19 At each session, a variety of health professionals provided a 40-minute didactic lesson on a topic relating to fibromyal- gia, including the diagnostic criteria; coping strat- egies and problem-solving techniques; diet and nutrition; sleep disorders and fibromyalgia; pain management, therapies, and medications; physi- cal and mental health; exercise; and wellness and lifestyle management.20 For the final 20 minutes of each class, participants practiced stretching ex- ercises supervised by the research staff. Stretches involved the upper body, trunk, and lower body and were held for 15 to 20 seconds. Participants were instructed to practice stretching at home for 20 minutes a day.
Mean Change From Baseline of VAS Physicians' Global Assessment of Fibromyalgia Severity	-1.0 units on a scale Interval -1.7 to -0.4	0.02 units on a scale Interval -0.6 to 0.7

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks

Patients' global assessment score was assessed separately by the participant, who was unaware of the group assignment, with the use of a visual-analogue scale (VAS) (range, 0 to 10,with higher scores indicating greater pain).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Tai Chi n=33 Participants The tai chi intervention took place twice a week for 12 weeks, and each session lasted for 60 min- utes. Classes were taught by a tai chi master with more than 20 years of teaching experience. In the first session, he explained the theory behind tai chi and its procedures and provided participants with printed materials on its principles and tech- niques. In subsequent sessions, participants prac- ticed 10 forms from the classic Yang style of tai chi18 under his instruction. Each session included a warm-up and self-massage, followed by a review of principles, movements, breathing techniques, and relaxation in tai chi. Throughout the inter- vention period, participants were instructed to practice tai chi at home for at least 20 minutes each day. At the end of the 12-week intervention, participants were encouraged to maintain their tai chi practice, using an instructional DVD, up until the follow-up visit at 24 weeks.	Control Group n=33 Participants Our wellness education and stretching program similarly included 60-minute sessions held twice a week for 12 weeks.19 At each session, a variety of health professionals provided a 40-minute didactic lesson on a topic relating to fibromyal- gia, including the diagnostic criteria; coping strat- egies and problem-solving techniques; diet and nutrition; sleep disorders and fibromyalgia; pain management, therapies, and medications; physi- cal and mental health; exercise; and wellness and lifestyle management.20 For the final 20 minutes of each class, participants practiced stretching ex- ercises supervised by the research staff. Stretches involved the upper body, trunk, and lower body and were held for 15 to 20 seconds. Participants were instructed to practice stretching at home for 20 minutes a day.
Mean Change From Baseline of Patient's Global Assessment Score	-2.5 units on a scale Interval -3.3 to -1.7	-0.6 units on a scale Interval -1.4 to 0.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-report measure of sleep quality(range, 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating worse sleep quality)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Tai Chi n=33 Participants The tai chi intervention took place twice a week for 12 weeks, and each session lasted for 60 min- utes. Classes were taught by a tai chi master with more than 20 years of teaching experience. In the first session, he explained the theory behind tai chi and its procedures and provided participants with printed materials on its principles and tech- niques. In subsequent sessions, participants prac- ticed 10 forms from the classic Yang style of tai chi18 under his instruction. Each session included a warm-up and self-massage, followed by a review of principles, movements, breathing techniques, and relaxation in tai chi. Throughout the inter- vention period, participants were instructed to practice tai chi at home for at least 20 minutes each day. At the end of the 12-week intervention, participants were encouraged to maintain their tai chi practice, using an instructional DVD, up until the follow-up visit at 24 weeks.	Control Group n=33 Participants Our wellness education and stretching program similarly included 60-minute sessions held twice a week for 12 weeks.19 At each session, a variety of health professionals provided a 40-minute didactic lesson on a topic relating to fibromyal- gia, including the diagnostic criteria; coping strat- egies and problem-solving techniques; diet and nutrition; sleep disorders and fibromyalgia; pain management, therapies, and medications; physi- cal and mental health; exercise; and wellness and lifestyle management.20 For the final 20 minutes of each class, participants practiced stretching ex- ercises supervised by the research staff. Stretches involved the upper body, trunk, and lower body and were held for 15 to 20 seconds. Participants were instructed to practice stretching at home for 20 minutes a day.
Mean Change From Baseline PSQI Score	-3.6 units on a scale Interval -4.8 to -2.4	-0.7 units on a scale Interval -1.9 to 0.5

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Tai Chi n=33 Participants The tai chi intervention took place twice a week for 12 weeks, and each session lasted for 60 min- utes. Classes were taught by a tai chi master with more than 20 years of teaching experience. In the first session, he explained the theory behind tai chi and its procedures and provided participants with printed materials on its principles and tech- niques. In subsequent sessions, participants prac- ticed 10 forms from the classic Yang style of tai chi18 under his instruction. Each session included a warm-up and self-massage, followed by a review of principles, movements, breathing techniques, and relaxation in tai chi. Throughout the inter- vention period, participants were instructed to practice tai chi at home for at least 20 minutes each day. At the end of the 12-week intervention, participants were encouraged to maintain their tai chi practice, using an instructional DVD, up until the follow-up visit at 24 weeks.	Control Group n=33 Participants Our wellness education and stretching program similarly included 60-minute sessions held twice a week for 12 weeks.19 At each session, a variety of health professionals provided a 40-minute didactic lesson on a topic relating to fibromyal- gia, including the diagnostic criteria; coping strat- egies and problem-solving techniques; diet and nutrition; sleep disorders and fibromyalgia; pain management, therapies, and medications; physi- cal and mental health; exercise; and wellness and lifestyle management.20 For the final 20 minutes of each class, participants practiced stretching ex- ercises supervised by the research staff. Stretches involved the upper body, trunk, and lower body and were held for 15 to 20 seconds. Participants were instructed to practice stretching at home for 20 minutes a day.
Mean Change From Baseline of 6-Minute Walk Test	60.6 yards Interval 37.9 to 83.3	16.3 yards Interval -6.4 to 38.9

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks

The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) Physical Component is the summary score for the physical quality-of-life components (range, 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Tai Chi n=33 Participants The tai chi intervention took place twice a week for 12 weeks, and each session lasted for 60 min- utes. Classes were taught by a tai chi master with more than 20 years of teaching experience. In the first session, he explained the theory behind tai chi and its procedures and provided participants with printed materials on its principles and tech- niques. In subsequent sessions, participants prac- ticed 10 forms from the classic Yang style of tai chi18 under his instruction. Each session included a warm-up and self-massage, followed by a review of principles, movements, breathing techniques, and relaxation in tai chi. Throughout the inter- vention period, participants were instructed to practice tai chi at home for at least 20 minutes each day. At the end of the 12-week intervention, participants were encouraged to maintain their tai chi practice, using an instructional DVD, up until the follow-up visit at 24 weeks.	Control Group n=33 Participants Our wellness education and stretching program similarly included 60-minute sessions held twice a week for 12 weeks.19 At each session, a variety of health professionals provided a 40-minute didactic lesson on a topic relating to fibromyal- gia, including the diagnostic criteria; coping strat- egies and problem-solving techniques; diet and nutrition; sleep disorders and fibromyalgia; pain management, therapies, and medications; physi- cal and mental health; exercise; and wellness and lifestyle management.20 For the final 20 minutes of each class, participants practiced stretching ex- ercises supervised by the research staff. Stretches involved the upper body, trunk, and lower body and were held for 15 to 20 seconds. Participants were instructed to practice stretching at home for 20 minutes a day.
Mean Change From Baseline SF-36 Score Physical Component	8.5 units on a scale Interval 5.7 to 11.3	1.4 units on a scale Interval -1.5 to 4.2

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks

The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) Mental Component is the summary score for the mental quality-of-life components (range, 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status)

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Tai Chi n=33 Participants The tai chi intervention took place twice a week for 12 weeks, and each session lasted for 60 min- utes. Classes were taught by a tai chi master with more than 20 years of teaching experience. In the first session, he explained the theory behind tai chi and its procedures and provided participants with printed materials on its principles and tech- niques. In subsequent sessions, participants prac- ticed 10 forms from the classic Yang style of tai chi18 under his instruction. Each session included a warm-up and self-massage, followed by a review of principles, movements, breathing techniques, and relaxation in tai chi. Throughout the inter- vention period, participants were instructed to practice tai chi at home for at least 20 minutes each day. At the end of the 12-week intervention, participants were encouraged to maintain their tai chi practice, using an instructional DVD, up until the follow-up visit at 24 weeks.	Control Group n=33 Participants Our wellness education and stretching program similarly included 60-minute sessions held twice a week for 12 weeks.19 At each session, a variety of health professionals provided a 40-minute didactic lesson on a topic relating to fibromyal- gia, including the diagnostic criteria; coping strat- egies and problem-solving techniques; diet and nutrition; sleep disorders and fibromyalgia; pain management, therapies, and medications; physi- cal and mental health; exercise; and wellness and lifestyle management.20 For the final 20 minutes of each class, participants practiced stretching ex- ercises supervised by the research staff. Stretches involved the upper body, trunk, and lower body and were held for 15 to 20 seconds. Participants were instructed to practice stretching at home for 20 minutes a day.
Mean Change From Baseline SF-36 Score Mental Component	7.7 units on a scale Interval 3.9 to 11.6	6.1 units on a scale Interval 0.7 to 11.6

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) Depression Scale (range, 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depression), is a self-report measure of depressive symptoms.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Tai Chi n=33 Participants The tai chi intervention took place twice a week for 12 weeks, and each session lasted for 60 min- utes. Classes were taught by a tai chi master with more than 20 years of teaching experience. In the first session, he explained the theory behind tai chi and its procedures and provided participants with printed materials on its principles and tech- niques. In subsequent sessions, participants prac- ticed 10 forms from the classic Yang style of tai chi18 under his instruction. Each session included a warm-up and self-massage, followed by a review of principles, movements, breathing techniques, and relaxation in tai chi. Throughout the inter- vention period, participants were instructed to practice tai chi at home for at least 20 minutes each day. At the end of the 12-week intervention, participants were encouraged to maintain their tai chi practice, using an instructional DVD, up until the follow-up visit at 24 weeks.	Control Group n=33 Participants Our wellness education and stretching program similarly included 60-minute sessions held twice a week for 12 weeks.19 At each session, a variety of health professionals provided a 40-minute didactic lesson on a topic relating to fibromyal- gia, including the diagnostic criteria; coping strat- egies and problem-solving techniques; diet and nutrition; sleep disorders and fibromyalgia; pain management, therapies, and medications; physi- cal and mental health; exercise; and wellness and lifestyle management.20 For the final 20 minutes of each class, participants practiced stretching ex- ercises supervised by the research staff. Stretches involved the upper body, trunk, and lower body and were held for 15 to 20 seconds. Participants were instructed to practice stretching at home for 20 minutes a day.
Mean Change From Baseline CES-D Score	-8.1 units on a scale Interval -10.9 to -5.3	-2.3 units on a scale Interval -5.1 to 0.6

SECONDARY outcome

Timeframe: 12 weeks

The Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale (CPSS) is a self-report score measuring self-efficacy with respect to chronic pain (range, 1 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Tai Chi n=33 Participants The tai chi intervention took place twice a week for 12 weeks, and each session lasted for 60 min- utes. Classes were taught by a tai chi master with more than 20 years of teaching experience. In the first session, he explained the theory behind tai chi and its procedures and provided participants with printed materials on its principles and tech- niques. In subsequent sessions, participants prac- ticed 10 forms from the classic Yang style of tai chi18 under his instruction. Each session included a warm-up and self-massage, followed by a review of principles, movements, breathing techniques, and relaxation in tai chi. Throughout the inter- vention period, participants were instructed to practice tai chi at home for at least 20 minutes each day. At the end of the 12-week intervention, participants were encouraged to maintain their tai chi practice, using an instructional DVD, up until the follow-up visit at 24 weeks.	Control Group n=33 Participants Our wellness education and stretching program similarly included 60-minute sessions held twice a week for 12 weeks.19 At each session, a variety of health professionals provided a 40-minute didactic lesson on a topic relating to fibromyal- gia, including the diagnostic criteria; coping strat- egies and problem-solving techniques; diet and nutrition; sleep disorders and fibromyalgia; pain management, therapies, and medications; physi- cal and mental health; exercise; and wellness and lifestyle management.20 For the final 20 minutes of each class, participants practiced stretching ex- ercises supervised by the research staff. Stretches involved the upper body, trunk, and lower body and were held for 15 to 20 seconds. Participants were instructed to practice stretching at home for 20 minutes a day.
Mean Change From Baseline CPSS Score	1.5 units on a scale Interval 0.7 to 2.2	0.5 units on a scale Interval -0.3 to 1.2

Adverse Events

Tai Chi Group

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Control Group

Serious events: 0 serious events

Other events: 0 other events

Deaths: 0 deaths

Serious adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Other adverse events

Adverse event data not reported

Additional Information

chenchen wang

tufts medical center

Phone: 617-636-3251

Email: [email protected]

Results disclosure agreements

Principal investigator is a sponsor employee
Publication restrictions are in place