Study Results
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View full resultsBasic Information
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Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Clinical Phase
PHASE2
Total Enrollment
63 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2007-07-31
Study Completion Date
2009-04-30
Brief Summary
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The TURNS is a NIMH-funded contract for the evaluation of new compounds for the treatment of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia (HHSN 27820044 1003C; P.I.: Steve Marder, M.D.). Despite advances in the safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of antipsychotic medications for the treatment of schizophrenia, many patients continue to be plagued by impairments in social and work functioning. Persons with schizophrenia commonly show deficits in a number of areas of cognition that include impairments in attention, memory, and executive functioning (the ability and organize one's behavior). Importantly, a large body of literature now shows a link between cognition and community functioning in schizophrenia. It is believed that treatments that improve cognitive deficits may lead to improvements in work and social functioning.
One approach to improve the community functioning of patients with schizophrenia is to develop new agents that treat the cognitive deficits of the illness. A promising agent is called AL-108. This drug is administered as a nasal spray. Studies in animals suggest that this drug may protect neurons and may improve cognition in schizophrenia. The current study is a twelve-week multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of two doses of AL-108 (5 and 30 mg/day intranasally) versus placebo in the treatment of persistent cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. The study medication will be added to patients' current atypical antipsychotic medication or to their current injectable first-generation antipsychotic medication. The primary outcome measure will consist of the composite score of the MATRICS neuropsychological battery. Secondary outcome measures will include scores on symptoms, functional outcome, and safety measures. Sixty clinically stable patients with schizophrenia, drawn from eight sites, will participate in the study. Twenty-five patients will be enrolled at UCLA.
One approach to improve the community functioning of patients with schizophrenia is to develop new agents that treat the cognitive deficits of the illness. A promising agent is called AL-108. This drug is administered as a nasal spray. Studies in animals suggest that this drug may protect neurons and may improve cognition in schizophrenia. The current study is a twelve-week multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of two doses of AL-108 (5 and 30 mg/day intranasally) versus placebo in the treatment of persistent cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. The study medication will be added to patients' current atypical antipsychotic medication or to their current injectable first-generation antipsychotic medication. The primary outcome measure will consist of the composite score of the MATRICS neuropsychological battery. Secondary outcome measures will include scores on symptoms, functional outcome, and safety measures. Sixty clinically stable patients with schizophrenia, drawn from eight sites, will participate in the study. Twenty-five patients will be enrolled at UCLA.
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Detailed Description
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Background
AL-108 is an intranasal drug product containing NAP, an 8 amino-acid peptide (Asn-Ala-Pro-Val-Ser-Ile-Pro-Gln; NAPVSIPQ, MW=824.9) fragment of the much larger (approx. 124KD) Activity-Dependent Neuroprotective Protein (ADNP), which participates in neurodevelopment and neuroprotection. In mice, ADNP knockouts are lethal exhibiting CNS dysgenesis. ADNP mediates its effects in part through interaction with microtubules. Because of its large size, ADNP is assumed to not penetrate the BBB and thus cannot be used pharmacologically. NAP was chosen because it represents the epitope most associated with microtubule interaction and neuroprotection. NAP is absorbed following IV or intranasal administration, and has been shown to cross the BBB.
Rationale for NAP treatment: tubulin function in brain function
The cytoskeleton plays a key role in maintaining the highly asymmetrical shape and structural polarity of neurons that are essential for neuronal physiology. The cytoskeleton is made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. Microfilaments (4-9 nm diameter) are made up of actin monomers and they function mainly to provide mechanical support and locomotion to the cell. Intermediate filaments are cytoplasmic fibers of \~10nm diameter. They provide supporting framework within the cell. Microtubules (\~24nm diameter) consist of tubulin and microtubule associate proteins. They function to transport nutrients and chemical messengers along the cell. Neurofibrillary tangles are twisted bundles of neurofibrils formed when the microtubule-associated protein, tau, dissociates from microtubules and clusters to form an insoluble mass. Under normal conditions tau binds to microtubules, stabilizing neuronal structure and integrity.
Hyperphosphorylation of tau is assumed to be the cause for the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Although neurofibrillary tangles are most associated with cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimers disease, some increase in neurofibrillary pathology has also been reported in schizophrenia, potentially as consequence of antipsychotic medication (1). Thus, mechanisms underlying microtubular function may be relevant to schizophrenia as well. In association with tubulin polymerization into microtubules, NAP influences tau dynamics by increasing the ratio of non-phosphorylated tau to phosphorylated tau, implying a dynamic process of cellular maintenance of the microtubular network, which is essential for the survival of the cell.
In brain, tubulin frameworks are stabilized by recently described STOP proteins (2) (aka MAP6). Linkages to allelic variation in STOP genes has been reported in schizophrenia, along with altered STOP protein expression in some brain regions (3). STOP knockdown mice show disturbances in dopaminergic neurotransmission (4) along with deficits in PPI and hypermotility that were partially reversed with clozapine (5). Thus, neuropathological features of schizophrenia may be due, in part, to abnormal STOP-related stabilization of microtubular structure, and NAP may stabilize STOP-related abnormal neurophysiological processes in schizophrenia.
AL-108 is an intranasal drug product containing NAP, an 8 amino-acid peptide (Asn-Ala-Pro-Val-Ser-Ile-Pro-Gln; NAPVSIPQ, MW=824.9) fragment of the much larger (approx. 124KD) Activity-Dependent Neuroprotective Protein (ADNP), which participates in neurodevelopment and neuroprotection. In mice, ADNP knockouts are lethal exhibiting CNS dysgenesis. ADNP mediates its effects in part through interaction with microtubules. Because of its large size, ADNP is assumed to not penetrate the BBB and thus cannot be used pharmacologically. NAP was chosen because it represents the epitope most associated with microtubule interaction and neuroprotection. NAP is absorbed following IV or intranasal administration, and has been shown to cross the BBB.
Rationale for NAP treatment: tubulin function in brain function
The cytoskeleton plays a key role in maintaining the highly asymmetrical shape and structural polarity of neurons that are essential for neuronal physiology. The cytoskeleton is made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. Microfilaments (4-9 nm diameter) are made up of actin monomers and they function mainly to provide mechanical support and locomotion to the cell. Intermediate filaments are cytoplasmic fibers of \~10nm diameter. They provide supporting framework within the cell. Microtubules (\~24nm diameter) consist of tubulin and microtubule associate proteins. They function to transport nutrients and chemical messengers along the cell. Neurofibrillary tangles are twisted bundles of neurofibrils formed when the microtubule-associated protein, tau, dissociates from microtubules and clusters to form an insoluble mass. Under normal conditions tau binds to microtubules, stabilizing neuronal structure and integrity.
Hyperphosphorylation of tau is assumed to be the cause for the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Although neurofibrillary tangles are most associated with cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimers disease, some increase in neurofibrillary pathology has also been reported in schizophrenia, potentially as consequence of antipsychotic medication (1). Thus, mechanisms underlying microtubular function may be relevant to schizophrenia as well. In association with tubulin polymerization into microtubules, NAP influences tau dynamics by increasing the ratio of non-phosphorylated tau to phosphorylated tau, implying a dynamic process of cellular maintenance of the microtubular network, which is essential for the survival of the cell.
In brain, tubulin frameworks are stabilized by recently described STOP proteins (2) (aka MAP6). Linkages to allelic variation in STOP genes has been reported in schizophrenia, along with altered STOP protein expression in some brain regions (3). STOP knockdown mice show disturbances in dopaminergic neurotransmission (4) along with deficits in PPI and hypermotility that were partially reversed with clozapine (5). Thus, neuropathological features of schizophrenia may be due, in part, to abnormal STOP-related stabilization of microtubular structure, and NAP may stabilize STOP-related abnormal neurophysiological processes in schizophrenia.
Conditions
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Schizophrenia
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Primary Study Purpose
TREATMENT
Blinding Strategy
DOUBLE
Participants
Investigators
Study Groups
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AL-108, 30 mg/day
AL-108, 30 mg/day- 3 sprays in each nostril, twice per day
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
AL-108
Intervention Type
DRUG
AL-108, 30 mg/day- 3 sprays in each nostril, twice per day
AL-108, 5 mg/day
AL-108, 5 mg/day- one spray in each nostril once per day
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
AL-108
Intervention Type
DRUG
AL-108, 5 mg/day- one spray in each nostril once per day
Placebo, 3 sprays BID
Placebo- 3 sprays in each nostril, twice per day
Group Type
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Placebo
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo- 3 sprays in each nostril, twice per day
Placebo, 1 Spray Daily
Placebo- one spray in each nostril, once per day
Group Type
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Placebo
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo- one spray in each nostril, once per day
Interventions
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AL-108
AL-108, 5 mg/day- one spray in each nostril once per day
Intervention Type
DRUG
AL-108
AL-108, 30 mg/day- 3 sprays in each nostril, twice per day
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo
Placebo- 3 sprays in each nostril, twice per day
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo
Placebo- one spray in each nostril, once per day
Intervention Type
DRUG
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* DSM IV/DSM IV TR diagnosis of schizophrenia
* Capable of providing informed consent
* Males and Females
* Age: 18 and 60
* Caucasian or Non Caucasian
* Subjects will be treated with one of the following second generation antipsychotics: risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, or aripiprazole for the previous two months, with no change in dose in the last month, and/or with injectable depot antipsychotics (fluphenazine or haloperidol decanoate) with no change in last 3 months.
* Subjects will meet the following symptom criteria:
* Average Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) item score \>3 (mild)
* Simpson-Angus Scale total score less than or equal to 6
* Calgary Depression Scale total score less than or equal to 10
* Subjects will meet the following cognitive performance criteria:
* Performance less than the maximum cutoff (in parentheses) for ONE of the following MCCB tests:
* Letter-number span (20);
* HVLT total (31); and
* CPT d-prime (3.47)
* Able to complete the baseline MCCB validly as assessed by Chief Neuropsychologist or NP tester
* Raw score of 6 or greater on the WTAR
* Capable of providing informed consent
* Males and Females
* Age: 18 and 60
* Caucasian or Non Caucasian
* Subjects will be treated with one of the following second generation antipsychotics: risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, or aripiprazole for the previous two months, with no change in dose in the last month, and/or with injectable depot antipsychotics (fluphenazine or haloperidol decanoate) with no change in last 3 months.
* Subjects will meet the following symptom criteria:
* Average Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) item score \>3 (mild)
* Simpson-Angus Scale total score less than or equal to 6
* Calgary Depression Scale total score less than or equal to 10
* Subjects will meet the following cognitive performance criteria:
* Performance less than the maximum cutoff (in parentheses) for ONE of the following MCCB tests:
* Letter-number span (20);
* HVLT total (31); and
* CPT d-prime (3.47)
* Able to complete the baseline MCCB validly as assessed by Chief Neuropsychologist or NP tester
* Raw score of 6 or greater on the WTAR
Exclusion Criteria
* Current treatment with oral conventional antipsychotics (e.g. fluphenazine, haloperidol) or clozapine.
* Subjects with a DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol or substance abuse (other than nicotine) within the last month or a DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol or substance dependence (other than nicotine) within the last 6 months
* Subjects with a history of significant head injury/trauma, as defined by one or more of the following:
* Loss of consciousness (LOC) for more than 1 hour
* Recurring seizures resulting from the head injury
* Clear cognitive sequellae of the injury
* Cognitive rehabilitation following the injury
* Subjects with a clinically significant neurological, metabolic, hepatic, renal, hematological, pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and/or urological disorder (e.g. unstable angina, decompensated congestive heart failure, CNS infection or history of HIV seropositivity), which would pose a risk to the patient if they were to participate in the study or that might confound the results of the study.
* Clinically significant abnormalities in physical examination, ECG, or laboratory assessments.
* Clinically significant renal disease.
* Women who are pregnant or of child-bearing potential, either not surgically-sterile nor using appropriate methods of birth control
* Women who are breast-feeding
* Prior participation in a clinical trial of investigational medication within 60 days.
* Subjects with a DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol or substance abuse (other than nicotine) within the last month or a DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol or substance dependence (other than nicotine) within the last 6 months
* Subjects with a history of significant head injury/trauma, as defined by one or more of the following:
* Loss of consciousness (LOC) for more than 1 hour
* Recurring seizures resulting from the head injury
* Clear cognitive sequellae of the injury
* Cognitive rehabilitation following the injury
* Subjects with a clinically significant neurological, metabolic, hepatic, renal, hematological, pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and/or urological disorder (e.g. unstable angina, decompensated congestive heart failure, CNS infection or history of HIV seropositivity), which would pose a risk to the patient if they were to participate in the study or that might confound the results of the study.
* Clinically significant abnormalities in physical examination, ECG, or laboratory assessments.
* Clinically significant renal disease.
* Women who are pregnant or of child-bearing potential, either not surgically-sterile nor using appropriate methods of birth control
* Women who are breast-feeding
* Prior participation in a clinical trial of investigational medication within 60 days.
Minimum Eligible Age
18 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
60 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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University of Maryland
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Washington University School of Medicine
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Massachusetts General Hospital
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Columbia University
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Duke University
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
University of California, Los Angeles
OTHER
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Principal Investigators
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Daniel C Javitt, MD, PhD
Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR
Nathan Kline Institute
Locations
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UCLA
Los Angeles, California, United States
Site Status
Maryland Psychiatric Research Center
Catonsville, Maryland, United States
Site Status
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Site Status
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Site Status
Washington University School of Medicine
St Louis, Missouri, United States
Site Status
Columbia University Medical Center
New York, New York, United States
Site Status
Nathan Kline Institute
Orangeburg, New York, United States
Site Status
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, North Carolina, United States
Site Status
Countries
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United States
References
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Jackman AH, Doty RL. Utility of a three-item smell identification test in detecting olfactory dysfunction. Laryngoscope. 2005 Dec;115(12):2209-12. doi: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000183194.17484.bb.
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Gozes I, Divinski I. The femtomolar-acting NAP interacts with microtubules: Novel aspects of astrocyte protection. J Alzheimers Dis. 2004 Dec;6(6 Suppl):S37-41. doi: 10.3233/jad-2004-6s605.
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Rothermundt M, Arolt V, Bayer TA. Review of immunological and immunopathological findings in schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun. 2001 Dec;15(4):319-39. doi: 10.1006/brbi.2001.0648.
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Rapaport MH, Delrahim KK. An abbreviated review of immune abnormalities in schizophrenia. CNS Spectr. 2001 May;6(5):392-7. doi: 10.1017/s1092852900021763.
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Kelly DL, Conley RR. A randomized double-blind 12-week study of quetiapine, risperidone or fluphenazine on sexual functioning in people with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006 Apr;31(3):340-6. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.08.010. Epub 2005 Sep 28.
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Gozes I, Meltzer E, Rubinrout S, Brenneman DE, Fridkin M. Vasoactive intestinal peptide potentiates sexual behavior: inhibition by novel antagonist. Endocrinology. 1989 Dec;125(6):2945-9. doi: 10.1210/endo-125-6-2945.
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BACKGROUND
Rotstein M, Bassan H, Kariv N, Speiser Z, Harel S, Gozes I. NAP enhances neurodevelopment of newborn apolipoprotein E-deficient mice subjected to hypoxia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Oct;319(1):332-9. doi: 10.1124/jpet.106.106898. Epub 2006 Jul 5.
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BACKGROUND
Oddo S, Caccamo A, Shepherd JD, Murphy MP, Golde TE, Kayed R, Metherate R, Mattson MP, Akbari Y, LaFerla FM. Triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease with plaques and tangles: intracellular Abeta and synaptic dysfunction. Neuron. 2003 Jul 31;39(3):409-21. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00434-3.
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BACKGROUND
Braga RJ, Mendlowicz MV, Marrocos RP, Figueira IL. Anxiety disorders in outpatients with schizophrenia: prevalence and impact on the subjective quality of life. J Psychiatr Res. 2005 Jul;39(4):409-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.09.003. Epub 2004 Nov 13.
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BACKGROUND
Alcalay RN, Giladi E, Pick CG, Gozes I. Intranasal administration of NAP, a neuroprotective peptide, decreases anxiety-like behavior in aging mice in the elevated plus maze. Neurosci Lett. 2004 May 6;361(1-3):128-31. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.005.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Gozes I, Alcalay R, Giladi E, Pinhasov A, Furman S, Brenneman DE. NAP accelerates the performance of normal rats in the water maze. J Mol Neurosci. 2002 Aug-Oct;19(1-2):167-70. doi: 10.1007/s12031-002-0028-0.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Gozes I, Giladi E, Pinhasov A, Bardea A, Brenneman DE. Activity-dependent neurotrophic factor: intranasal administration of femtomolar-acting peptides improve performance in a water maze. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Jun;293(3):1091-8.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Ito M, Depaz I, Wilce P, Suzuki T, Niwa S, Matsumoto I. Expression of human neuronal protein 22, a novel cytoskeleton-associated protein, was decreased in the anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett. 2005 Apr 22;378(3):125-30. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.079.
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BACKGROUND
Benitez-King G, Ramirez-Rodriguez G, Ortiz L, Meza I. The neuronal cytoskeleton as a potential therapeutical target in neurodegenerative diseases and schizophrenia. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord. 2004 Dec;3(6):515-33. doi: 10.2174/1568007043336761.
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BACKGROUND
Kolluri N, Sun Z, Sampson AR, Lewis DA. Lamina-specific reductions in dendritic spine density in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;162(6):1200-2. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1200.
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BACKGROUND
Hill JJ, Hashimoto T, Lewis DA. Molecular mechanisms contributing to dendritic spine alterations in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;11(6):557-66. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001792.
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Harrison PJ. The neuropathology of schizophrenia. A critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain. 1999 Apr;122 ( Pt 4):593-624. doi: 10.1093/brain/122.4.593.
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Smith-Swintosky VL, Gozes I, Brenneman DE, D'Andrea MR, Plata-Salaman CR. Activity-dependent neurotrophic factor-9 and NAP promote neurite outgrowth in rat hippocampal and cortical cultures. J Mol Neurosci. 2005;25(3):225-38. doi: 10.1385/JMN:25:3:225.
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BACKGROUND
Fradley RL, O'Meara GF, Newman RJ, Andrieux A, Job D, Reynolds DS. STOP knockout and NMDA NR1 hypomorphic mice exhibit deficits in sensorimotor gating. Behav Brain Res. 2005 Sep 8;163(2):257-64. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.05.012.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Brun P, Begou M, Andrieux A, Mouly-Badina L, Clerget M, Schweitzer A, Scarna H, Renaud B, Job D, Suaud-Chagny MF. Dopaminergic transmission in STOP null mice. J Neurochem. 2005 Jul;94(1):63-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03166.x.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Shimizu H, Iwayama Y, Yamada K, Toyota T, Minabe Y, Nakamura K, Nakajima M, Hattori E, Mori N, Osumi N, Yoshikawa T. Genetic and expression analyses of the STOP (MAP6) gene in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2006 Jun;84(2-3):244-52. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.017. Epub 2006 Apr 19.
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BACKGROUND
Bosc C, Andrieux A, Job D. STOP proteins. Biochemistry. 2003 Oct 28;42(42):12125-32. doi: 10.1021/bi0352163.
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Harrison PJ. The neuropathological effects of antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Res. 1999 Nov 30;40(2):87-99. doi: 10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00065-1.
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Georgiades A, Davis VG, Atkins AS, Khan A, Walker TW, Loebel A, Haig G, Hilt DC, Dunayevich E, Umbricht D, Sand M, Keefe RSE. Psychometric characteristics of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery in a large pooled cohort of stable schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res. 2017 Dec;190:172-179. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.040. Epub 2017 Apr 20.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Other Identifiers
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HHSN 278200441003C
Identifier Type: OTHER_GRANT
Identifier Source: secondary_id
TURNS03
Identifier Type: -
Identifier Source: org_study_id
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