The Food Intake Phenotype: Assessing Eating Behavior and Food Preferences as Risk Factors for Obesity

NCT ID: NCT00342732

Last Updated: 2025-12-24

Study Results

Results pending

The study team has not published outcome measurements, participant flow, or safety data for this trial yet. Check back later for updates.

Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Total Enrollment

669 participants

Study Classification

OBSERVATIONAL

Study Start Date

1999-11-24

Brief Summary

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The prevalence of obesity in the United States has reached alarming proportions with 33% of adults over the age of 20 being overweight. Obesity is more than twice as prevalent, however, in the Pima Indians of Arizona. Although there have been a number of advances in our understanding of the genetics of obesity, the environmental influences on the genetic expression of obesity requires further investigation.

In an effort to understand some of the influences on the high prevalence of obesity in the Pima Indians, the present study was designed to investigate eating behaviors and food preferences, most especially the preference for high fat foods, in sib-pairs of Pima Indians who have been previously genotyped in our genomic scan for loci linked to diabetes/obesity. Most specifically, we will utilize several questionnaires and methods of assessing eating behavior and the preference for high fat foods to create a food intake phenotype. In addition, we will study Caucasians so that comparisons can be made between these two groups. We will make these evaluations by assessing eating behavior, food preferences including usual fat intake and preferences for high fat foods, body image perceptions, and energy expenditure. It is hoped that the data gathered from this study will elucidate some of the risk factors for the development of obesity among the Pima Indians.

Detailed Description

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The prevalence of obesity in the United States has reached alarming proportions with 33% of adults over the age of 20 being overweight. In some populations, obesity is even more prevalent. Although there have been a number of advances in our understanding of the genetics of obesity, the environmental influences on the genetic expression of obesity requires further investigation.

In an effort to understand some of the influences on the high prevalence of obesity, the present study was designed to investigate what drives how much people eat. More specifically, we will try to understand what drives food intake utilizing 1) questionnaires that assess eating behavior, 2) measurements in blood, urine or fat tissue, and 3) genotypic associations to investigate the various factors that control what and how much people eat. We will make these evaluations by assessing eating behavior, food preferences including usual fat intake and preferences for high fat foods, body image perceptions, and energy expenditure. It is hoped that the data gathered from this study will elucidate some of the risk factors for the development of obesity.

Conditions

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Obesity Overweight Overnutrition

Keywords

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Genetics Fat Intake Weight Control Appetite Control Natural History

Study Design

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Observational Model Type

ECOLOGIC_OR_COMMUNITY

Study Time Perspective

CROSS_SECTIONAL

Study Groups

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non-diabetic volunteers

non-diabetic volunteers aged 18-65 who are healthy as determined by medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests

No interventions assigned to this group

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

1. Healthy, as determined by medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests.
2. 18-65 years old
3. Non-diabetic status

Exclusion Criteria

1. Hypo- or hyper-thyroid
2. Blood pressure greater than 160/95
3. Cardiovascular disease
4. Gallbladder disease
5. Alcohol and/or current use of drugs (more than 2 drinks per day and regular use of drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, or heroin)
6. Psychiatric conditions or behavior that would be incompatible with safe and successful participation in this study, including claustrophobia and eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia nervosa

8\. Use of medications affecting metabolism and appetite

9\. Pregnancy

10\. Current use of nicotine products, including tobacco, electronic cigarettes, and nicotine replacement therapies that exceed Very Low Dependence on the Fagerstr(SqrRoot)(Delta)m Test for Nicotine Dependence Tool (score greater than 2).

Subjects may be excluded or withdrawn from the study if they have any conditions not specifically mentioned above that may interfere with the collection of the food intake. This includes such issues as not following study and unit policies and procedures, diagnosis of contraindications following admission, and development of illness/infection unrelated to the study. For example, volunteers who do not comply with the vending machine protocol (i.e., share food, do not record what they eat, eat outside of room, etc) may be withdrawn from the study.
Minimum Eligible Age

18 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

65 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sponsors

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

NIH

Sponsor Role lead

Responsible Party

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Responsibility Role SPONSOR

Principal Investigators

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Susanne M Votruba, Ph.D.

Role: PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Locations

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NIDDK, Phoenix

Phoenix, Arizona, United States

Site Status

Countries

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Sweden United States

References

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Aydin BN, Stinson EJ, Cabeza De Baca T, Ando T, Travis KT, Piaggi P, Krakoff J, Chang DC. Investigation of seasonality of human spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure in respiratory chamber in Phoenix, Arizona. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2024 Jan;78(1):27-33. doi: 10.1038/s41430-023-01347-y. Epub 2023 Oct 13.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 37833567 (View on PubMed)

Booker JM, Chang DC, Stinson EJ, Mitchell CM, Votruba SB, Krakoff J, Gluck ME, Cabeza de Baca T. Food insecurity is associated with higher respiratory quotient and lower glucagon-like peptide 1. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2022 Jun;30(6):1248-1256. doi: 10.1002/oby.23437.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 35674698 (View on PubMed)

Cabeza de Baca T, Piaggi P, Gluck ME, Krakoff J, Votruba SB. Meal-to-meal and day-to-day macronutrient variation in an ad libitum vending food paradigm. Appetite. 2022 Apr 1;171:105944. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.105944. Epub 2022 Jan 21.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 35074459 (View on PubMed)

Basolo A, Hollstein T, Shah MH, Walter M, Krakoff J, Votruba SB, Piaggi P. Higher fasting plasma FGF21 concentration is associated with lower ad libitum soda consumption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Oct 4;114(4):1518-1522. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab204.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 34159373 (View on PubMed)

Basolo A, Ando T, Chang DC, Hollstein T, Krakoff J, Piaggi P, Votruba S. Reduced Albumin Concentration Predicts Weight Gain and Higher Ad Libitum Energy Intake in Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Mar 11;12:642568. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.642568. eCollection 2021.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 33776937 (View on PubMed)

Hollstein T, Basolo A, Ando T, Votruba SB, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Urinary Norepinephrine Is a Metabolic Determinant of 24-Hour Energy Expenditure and Sleeping Metabolic Rate in Adult Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Apr 1;105(4):1145-56. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa047.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 32002540 (View on PubMed)

Stinson EJ, Graham AL, Thearle MS, Gluck ME, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger are associated with 24-h energy expenditure. Int J Obes (Lond). 2019 Jul;43(7):1456-1465. doi: 10.1038/s41366-018-0305-9. Epub 2019 Jan 16.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 30651576 (View on PubMed)

Stinson EJ, Votruba SB, Venti C, Perez M, Krakoff J, Gluck ME. Food Insecurity is Associated with Maladaptive Eating Behaviors and Objectively Measured Overeating. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018 Dec;26(12):1841-1848. doi: 10.1002/oby.22305. Epub 2018 Nov 14.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 30426695 (View on PubMed)

Basolo A, Heinitz S, Stinson EJ, Begaye B, Hohenadel M, Piaggi P, Krakoff J, Votruba SB. Fasting glucagon-like peptide 1 concentration is associated with lower carbohydrate intake and increases with overeating. J Endocrinol Invest. 2019 May;42(5):557-566. doi: 10.1007/s40618-018-0954-5. Epub 2018 Oct 3.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 30284224 (View on PubMed)

Stinson EJ, Piaggi P, Ibrahim M, Venti C, Krakoff J, Votruba SB. High Fat and Sugar Consumption During Ad Libitum Intake Predicts Weight Gain. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018 Apr;26(4):689-695. doi: 10.1002/oby.22124. Epub 2018 Mar 4.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 29504262 (View on PubMed)

Stinson EJ, Krakoff J, Gluck ME. Depressive symptoms and poorer performance on the Stroop Task are associated with weight gain. Physiol Behav. 2018 Mar 15;186:25-30. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.01.005. Epub 2018 Jan 9.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 29326031 (View on PubMed)

Basolo A, Votruba SB, Heinitz S, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Deviations in energy sensing predict long-term weight change in overweight Native Americans. Metabolism. 2018 May;82:65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.12.013. Epub 2018 Jan 3.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 29305947 (View on PubMed)

Ibrahim M, Thearle MS, Krakoff J, Gluck ME. Perceived stress and anhedonia predict short-and long-term weight change, respectively, in healthy adults. Eat Behav. 2016 Apr;21:214-9. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.03.009. Epub 2016 Mar 3.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 27002703 (View on PubMed)

Piaggi P, Thearle MS, Krakoff J, Votruba SB. Higher Daily Energy Expenditure and Respiratory Quotient, Rather Than Fat-Free Mass, Independently Determine Greater ad Libitum Overeating. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug;100(8):3011-20. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-2164. Epub 2015 Jun 18.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 26086330 (View on PubMed)

Bundrick SC, Thearle MS, Venti CA, Krakoff J, Votruba SB. Soda consumption during ad libitum food intake predicts weight change. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014 Mar;114(3):444-449. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.09.016. Epub 2013 Dec 8.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 24321742 (View on PubMed)

He J, Votruba S, Pomeroy J, Bonfiglio S, Krakoff J. Measurement of ad libitum food intake, physical activity, and sedentary time in response to overfeeding. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36225. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036225. Epub 2012 May 22.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 22629311 (View on PubMed)

Venti CA, Votruba SB, Franks PW, Krakoff J, Salbe AD. Reproducibility of ad libitum energy intake with the use of a computerized vending machine system. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Feb;91(2):343-8. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28315. Epub 2009 Nov 18.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 19923376 (View on PubMed)

Votruba SB, Kirchner H, Tschop M, Salbe AD, Krakoff J. Morning ghrelin concentrations are not affected by short-term overfeeding and do not predict ad libitum food intake in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Mar;89(3):801-6. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27011. Epub 2009 Jan 21.

Reference Type DERIVED
PMID: 19158212 (View on PubMed)

Other Identifiers

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OH99-DK-N019

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: secondary_id

999999019

Identifier Type: -

Identifier Source: org_study_id