Combined Pharmaco/Behavior Therapy in Adolescent Smokers

Study Results

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Basic Information

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Recruitment Status

COMPLETED

Clinical Phase

PHASE2

Total Enrollment

134 participants

Study Classification

INTERVENTIONAL

Study Start Date

2004-03-31

Study Completion Date

2009-07-31

Brief Summary

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In the current proposal, we intend to study the efficacy of bupropion SR with or without combined contingency management (CM) among adolescent cigarette smokers. The proposed study will test not only medication (bupropion SR), but also combination of medication and CM in potentially improving smoking cessation outcomes AND retention of adolescent smokers in the study.

Hypothesis to be tested: Bupropion SR treatment will increase abstinence from cigarette smoking (as measured by urine cotinine and continuous abstinence) in adolescent smokers as compared to treatment with placebo only.

Hypothesis to be tested: Adolescent smokers treated with combined bupropion SR + contingency management (CM) treatment will have increased retention and increased abstinence rates when compared to bupropion SR alone or CM + placebo treated groups (as measured by decreased drop-out of participants, urine cotinine and continuous abstinence).

Hypothesis to be tested: CM will increase the abstinence from cigarette smoking (as measured by urine cotinine and continuous abstinence) in adolescent smokers as compared to treatment with placebo only.

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Detailed Description

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To test the hypotheses, 216 adolescent smokers will be recruited. Fifty-four adolescent smokers will be recruited in each of the four groups: bupropion SR only, bupropion SR + CM, CM + placebo, and placebo only. The cells will be balanced for gender and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using permuted block randomization. A counseling intervention was added for all groups because it was reasoned that it would be unethical not to provide an active treatment to cigarette smoking adolescents. The counseling intervention will consist of two quit smoking brochures that provide information on tips to help quit smoking.

The study will consist of a one-week lead in period followed by a six-week treatment trial. For the medication groups, medications will be titrated during the one-week lead-in period. The primary outcome measure is urine cotinine and self-report of cigarette use collected using the Time-Line Follow-Back at the end of six weeks.

Conditions

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Nicotine Dependence Nicotine Use Disorder

Study Design

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Allocation Method

RANDOMIZED

Intervention Model

PARALLEL

Primary Study Purpose

TREATMENT

Blinding Strategy

QUADRUPLE

Participants Caregivers Investigators Outcome Assessors

Study Groups

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Bupropion SR + Contingency Management

Bupropion SR capsules, with goal dose of 300 mg/day, for 6 weeks of treatment. Contingency Management, with escalating rewards for abstinence (and re-sets for non-abstinence) at twice-weekly visits.

Group Type EXPERIMENTAL

Bupropion SR

Intervention Type DRUG

Bupropion SR, with goal dose 300 mg/day, for 6 weeks of active treatment

Contingency Management

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Contingency Management provided at twice-weekly visits during the 6-week active treatment. Escalating schedule, with resets, reinforcing smoking abstinence.

Placebo + Contingency Management

Placebo capsules, matched in appearance to Bupropion SR capsules, for 6 weeks of treatment. Contingency Management, with escalating rewards for abstinence (and re-sets for non-abstinence) at twice-weekly visits.

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Contingency Management

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Contingency Management provided at twice-weekly visits during the 6-week active treatment. Escalating schedule, with resets, reinforcing smoking abstinence.

Placebo

Intervention Type OTHER

Placebo, matched in appearance to Bupropion SR, for 6 weeks of treatment

Bupropion SR + No Contingency Management

Bupropion SR capsules, with goal dose of 300 mg/day, for 6 weeks of treatment. Contingency Management is not provided in this arm.

Group Type ACTIVE_COMPARATOR

Bupropion SR

Intervention Type DRUG

Bupropion SR, with goal dose 300 mg/day, for 6 weeks of active treatment

Placebo + No Contingency Management

Placebo capsules, matched in appearance to Bupropion SR capsules, for 6 weeks of treatment. Contingency Management is not provided in this arm.

Group Type PLACEBO_COMPARATOR

Placebo

Intervention Type OTHER

Placebo, matched in appearance to Bupropion SR, for 6 weeks of treatment

Interventions

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Bupropion SR

Bupropion SR, with goal dose 300 mg/day, for 6 weeks of active treatment

Intervention Type DRUG

Contingency Management

Contingency Management provided at twice-weekly visits during the 6-week active treatment. Escalating schedule, with resets, reinforcing smoking abstinence.

Intervention Type BEHAVIORAL

Placebo

Placebo, matched in appearance to Bupropion SR, for 6 weeks of treatment

Intervention Type OTHER

Eligibility Criteria

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Inclusion Criteria

1. Regular cigarette smokers smoking at least 5 cigarettes per day as derived by Time-Line Follow-Back method (Sobell et al., 1988). Average number of cigarettes per day (over past 30 days) will be used. Five cigarettes per day may seem low, but based on previous studies, adolescents tend to smoke fewer cigarettes per day as compared to adults.
2. Baseline urine cotinine level greater than 100 ng/ml.
3. Age range of 12 - 21
4. If under 18 yr. of age, parent(s) or guardian(s) able to participate in informed consent and initial assessment, or the participant must provide evidence of emancipated status.
5. For post menarchal female participants: agree to use birth control to avoid pregnancy.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Active substance abuse/dependence (other than nicotine) within 2 weeks prior to participating in the study
2. Lifetime bipolar affective disorder (BPAD), psychosis, eating disorders. Bupropion may have adverse consequence on participants with these psychiatric diagnoses.
3. Current major depressive disorders. Since bupropion is also an antidepressant, this criteria is to minimize the confound of depressive disorder during the study. History of depressive disorders and current attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) will not be an exclusion. We will use permuted block randomization procedure to balance the groups for ADHD.
4. Pregnancy or lactation. The safety of bupropion in pregnancy and during lactation is not well studied.
5. History of seizure disorder or predisposition to seizures (e.g., history of significant head trauma, currently taking medications that lower seizure threshold), since bupropion can lower seizure threshold.
6. History of severe renal, hepatic, neurological, or chronic pulmonary disease. This criterion was chosen due to the hepatic metabolism of bupropion.
7. Unstable medical problems
8. Allergy to bupropion
9. Current treatment with any other medication containing bupropion
10. Current treatment with any monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors currently or within 2 weeks of starting the study since there may be serious and severe medical interactions between MAO inhibitors and bupropion SR.
11. Current treatment with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)
12. History of intolerance or non-response to bupropion SR.
13. Current (past month) suicide ideation
14. Suicide attempt (past year)

Minimum Eligible Age

12 Years

Maximum Eligible Age

21 Years

Eligible Sex

ALL

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes