New Onset of Type 1 Diabetes Mycophenolate Mofetil-Daclizumab Clinical Trial
NCT ID: NCT00100178
Last Updated: 2020-05-05
Study Results
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Outcome measurements, participant flow, baseline characteristics, and adverse events have been published for this study.
View full resultsBasic Information
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Recruitment Status
COMPLETED
Clinical Phase
PHASE2
Total Enrollment
126 participants
Study Classification
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Start Date
2004-05-31
Study Completion Date
2008-04-30
Brief Summary
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The objective of this study is to identify immune intervention strategies that will preserve residual beta cell function at the onset of type 1 diabetes. Scientific evidence developed over the last 10 - 20 years suggests that type 1 diabetes is a chronic, slowly progressive autoimmune disease and that clinical symptoms do not develop until at least 80% - 90% of beta cell mass has been destroyed as a result of the autoimmune process. It is now recognized that preservation of remaining beta cells is clinically important as the ability to secrete, even small amounts of insulin, can make the disease easier to control and help minimize complications associated with having years of inadequate glycemic control.
This clinical trial is the first in a series of studies to be launched by the TrialNet Study Group to test various interventions for preserving residual beta cell function in new onset type 1 diabetes. Specifically, this study is designed to determine the ability of Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF/CellCept) used alone, or in combination with Daclizumab (DZB/Zenapax) to see if it is possible to stop the immune system from destroying beta cells in new onset type 1 diabetes patients (within 3 months of diagnosis.)
Researchers have made great strides in understanding how the immune system works and in changing the activity of immune cells with medicines called immunotherapies. Some immunotherapies work by making the immune system less active. Scientists have discovered that key immune cells, called T cells, help to cause type 1 diabetes. These T cells are largely responsible for attacking the beta cells that produce insulin. Doctors have found medicines that slow or suppress the activity of T cells. It is hoped that these immunosuppressive medicines can help treat type 1 diabetes by stopping T cells before they destroy all of the beta cells.
Medicines that make the immune system less active have been developed and studied for other diseases. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and Daclizumab (DZB) are two of these medicines. Their effects on the immune system are well understood. Researchers believe these medicines may lessen the immune system's destruction of beta cells that leads to type 1 diabetes. In addition, researchers hope the effect of these medicines will last longer than other therapies.
The goal of this study is to find out if two medicines are able to stop the ongoing destruction of beta cells which are still functioning at the time type 1 diabetes is diagnosed. The two immunosuppressive medications being tested are Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF/CellCept®) and Daclizumab (DZB/Zenapax®). They work by making the immune system less active. TrialNet researchers hope that these medications will help maintain insulin secretion from remaining beta cells and thus help to maintain better glycemic control. Even if the medications work, study participants will still need to take insulin injections but it may make it easier to control normal blood sugar levels which can help reduce long-term complications of diabetes such as blindness, kidney failure, nerve damage, heart attack and stroke.
The aim is to arrest beta cell destruction in newly diabetic subjects because immune modulation may not work well alone once the autoimmune process has progressed to complete or near complete destruction of beta cells. The study's rationale is to demonstrate a meaningful preservation of islet function with minimal immune system side effects over the 4-year course of this study.
The data from this clinical trial could serve as the basis for a larger trial if the results are sufficiently positive, or they could suggest other combined intervention trials that might achieve either better efficacy or potentially preserve C-peptide without the need for continued immunosuppression.
This clinical trial is the first in a series of studies to be launched by the TrialNet Study Group to test various interventions for preserving residual beta cell function in new onset type 1 diabetes. Specifically, this study is designed to determine the ability of Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF/CellCept) used alone, or in combination with Daclizumab (DZB/Zenapax) to see if it is possible to stop the immune system from destroying beta cells in new onset type 1 diabetes patients (within 3 months of diagnosis.)
Researchers have made great strides in understanding how the immune system works and in changing the activity of immune cells with medicines called immunotherapies. Some immunotherapies work by making the immune system less active. Scientists have discovered that key immune cells, called T cells, help to cause type 1 diabetes. These T cells are largely responsible for attacking the beta cells that produce insulin. Doctors have found medicines that slow or suppress the activity of T cells. It is hoped that these immunosuppressive medicines can help treat type 1 diabetes by stopping T cells before they destroy all of the beta cells.
Medicines that make the immune system less active have been developed and studied for other diseases. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and Daclizumab (DZB) are two of these medicines. Their effects on the immune system are well understood. Researchers believe these medicines may lessen the immune system's destruction of beta cells that leads to type 1 diabetes. In addition, researchers hope the effect of these medicines will last longer than other therapies.
The goal of this study is to find out if two medicines are able to stop the ongoing destruction of beta cells which are still functioning at the time type 1 diabetes is diagnosed. The two immunosuppressive medications being tested are Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF/CellCept®) and Daclizumab (DZB/Zenapax®). They work by making the immune system less active. TrialNet researchers hope that these medications will help maintain insulin secretion from remaining beta cells and thus help to maintain better glycemic control. Even if the medications work, study participants will still need to take insulin injections but it may make it easier to control normal blood sugar levels which can help reduce long-term complications of diabetes such as blindness, kidney failure, nerve damage, heart attack and stroke.
The aim is to arrest beta cell destruction in newly diabetic subjects because immune modulation may not work well alone once the autoimmune process has progressed to complete or near complete destruction of beta cells. The study's rationale is to demonstrate a meaningful preservation of islet function with minimal immune system side effects over the 4-year course of this study.
The data from this clinical trial could serve as the basis for a larger trial if the results are sufficiently positive, or they could suggest other combined intervention trials that might achieve either better efficacy or potentially preserve C-peptide without the need for continued immunosuppression.
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Detailed Description
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Design of Study:
The study is a multi-center, three-arm, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Comparisons will be made among the three groups, which are:
* Mycophenolate mofetil active drug with Daclizumab (DZB) placebo IV
* Mycophenolate mofetil active drug with active Daclizumab IV
* Mycophenolate mofetil placebo with Daclizumab placebo IV
Participants that agree to enroll in the study will be asked to take study medications for two years. MMF is given by mouth twice a day. DZB is given by an intravenous infusion twice, once at the time of enrollment and again two weeks later. Both these medications are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and are used by people who have received an organ transplant. This study is testing a new use of these medications to preserve insulin secretion by delaying or stopping further destruction of insulin-secreting cells in people with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Both MMF and DZB make the immune system less active. Participants will be monitored closely for any possible side effects that can occur from taking either DZB and/or MMF due to decreased activity of the immune system.
Participants will need to go to the Clinical Center for visits and tests. For the first month participants will come in every week; then participants will come in at month 2 and month 3. After the month 3 visit, visits will occur about every three months. At most visits, blood will be drawn and participants will meet with a study physician to review their overall diabetes management, and be monitored for any possible side-effects from the study medication.
Participants will be asked to do a longer test called a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test (MMTT) at the initial visit and at five additional visits while taking the assigned study medication. The MMTT involves drinking a special drink which has a controlled amount of carbohydrates, protein, and fat to measure residual insulin secretion. The test requires having an IV inserted into the arm and having blood samples taken from the IV over a period of 2 to 4 hours. After completing the two year period of taking the study medication, participants will be asked to return every 3-6 months for an additional 1-2 years to evaluate their ability to secrete insulin after discontinuing the study medication.
The study is a multi-center, three-arm, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Comparisons will be made among the three groups, which are:
* Mycophenolate mofetil active drug with Daclizumab (DZB) placebo IV
* Mycophenolate mofetil active drug with active Daclizumab IV
* Mycophenolate mofetil placebo with Daclizumab placebo IV
Participants that agree to enroll in the study will be asked to take study medications for two years. MMF is given by mouth twice a day. DZB is given by an intravenous infusion twice, once at the time of enrollment and again two weeks later. Both these medications are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and are used by people who have received an organ transplant. This study is testing a new use of these medications to preserve insulin secretion by delaying or stopping further destruction of insulin-secreting cells in people with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Both MMF and DZB make the immune system less active. Participants will be monitored closely for any possible side effects that can occur from taking either DZB and/or MMF due to decreased activity of the immune system.
Participants will need to go to the Clinical Center for visits and tests. For the first month participants will come in every week; then participants will come in at month 2 and month 3. After the month 3 visit, visits will occur about every three months. At most visits, blood will be drawn and participants will meet with a study physician to review their overall diabetes management, and be monitored for any possible side-effects from the study medication.
Participants will be asked to do a longer test called a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test (MMTT) at the initial visit and at five additional visits while taking the assigned study medication. The MMTT involves drinking a special drink which has a controlled amount of carbohydrates, protein, and fat to measure residual insulin secretion. The test requires having an IV inserted into the arm and having blood samples taken from the IV over a period of 2 to 4 hours. After completing the two year period of taking the study medication, participants will be asked to return every 3-6 months for an additional 1-2 years to evaluate their ability to secrete insulin after discontinuing the study medication.
Conditions
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Study Design
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Allocation Method
RANDOMIZED
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Primary Study Purpose
OTHER
Blinding Strategy
TRIPLE
Participants
Caregivers
Investigators
Study Groups
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MMF and DBZ
DZB given by intravenous infusion (1 mg/kg)at baseline and 2 weeks later, and MMF given orally at dose of 600 mg/m2 (2000 mg/day maximum) in 2-3 divided doses for 2 years.
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Mycophenolate mofeteil (MMF)
Intervention Type
DRUG
Daclizumab (DZB)
Intervention Type
DRUG
MMF Alone
MMF given orally at dose of 600 mg/m2 (2000 mg/day maximum) in 2-3 divided doses for 2 years and saline intravenous infusions given at baseline and two weeks later.
Group Type
EXPERIMENTAL
Mycophenolate mofeteil (MMF)
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo control for Daclizumab (DZB)
Intervention Type
DRUG
saline intravenous infusions
Placebo
Placebo pills given daily for two years and saline intravenous infusions given at baseline and two weeks later.
Group Type
PLACEBO_COMPARATOR
Placebo control for Mycophenolate mofeteil (MMF)
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo pills taken orally
Placebo control for Daclizumab (DZB)
Intervention Type
DRUG
saline intravenous infusions
Interventions
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Mycophenolate mofeteil (MMF)
Intervention Type
DRUG
Daclizumab (DZB)
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo control for Mycophenolate mofeteil (MMF)
Placebo pills taken orally
Intervention Type
DRUG
Placebo control for Daclizumab (DZB)
saline intravenous infusions
Intervention Type
DRUG
Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria
* Be within 3-months of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes based on American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria
* Be between the ages of 8 and 45 years old
* Must have stimulated C-peptide levels \> 0.2 pmol/ml (measured during an MMTT administered no more than one month prior to the date of randomization)
* Must have either detectable anti-GAD, anti-ICA512/IA-2, insulin autoantibodies (unless received insulin therapy for 7 days or more), or islet cell autoantibodies.
\[The reason for inclusion of these enrollment criteria is to avoid inclusion of patients with "Type 1B diabetes mellitus", which may not involve the immunologic criteria measured by the assays that will be utilized.\]
* If participant has reproductive potential, he or she must be agreeable to an effective form of birth control (unless abstinence is the chosen method).
* If participant is female with reproductive potential, she must be willing to undergo pregnancy testing and to report possible or confirmed pregnancies promptly during the course of the MMF/DZB study.
* Must be willing to comply with intensive diabetes management. The goal of management will be an HbA1c of 7.0% for all participants, regardless of age. Participants will be expected to take a sufficient number of daily insulin shots to meet this goal. Alternatively, participants can use insulin pump therapy. Participants will also be expected to test their blood sugar at least 3-4 times per day. There will be a Certified Diabetes Educator working with study participants to achieve these goals.
* Be between the ages of 8 and 45 years old
* Must have stimulated C-peptide levels \> 0.2 pmol/ml (measured during an MMTT administered no more than one month prior to the date of randomization)
* Must have either detectable anti-GAD, anti-ICA512/IA-2, insulin autoantibodies (unless received insulin therapy for 7 days or more), or islet cell autoantibodies.
\[The reason for inclusion of these enrollment criteria is to avoid inclusion of patients with "Type 1B diabetes mellitus", which may not involve the immunologic criteria measured by the assays that will be utilized.\]
* If participant has reproductive potential, he or she must be agreeable to an effective form of birth control (unless abstinence is the chosen method).
* If participant is female with reproductive potential, she must be willing to undergo pregnancy testing and to report possible or confirmed pregnancies promptly during the course of the MMF/DZB study.
* Must be willing to comply with intensive diabetes management. The goal of management will be an HbA1c of 7.0% for all participants, regardless of age. Participants will be expected to take a sufficient number of daily insulin shots to meet this goal. Alternatively, participants can use insulin pump therapy. Participants will also be expected to test their blood sugar at least 3-4 times per day. There will be a Certified Diabetes Educator working with study participants to achieve these goals.
Exclusion Criteria
* Have any complicating medical issues that would interfere with blood drawing or monitoring.
* Have a Body Mass Index (BMI) that is greater than the 95th percentile for age and gender.
* Have serologic evidence of HIV infection.
* Have serologic evidence of Hepatitis B infection.
* Have serologic evidence of Hepatitis C infection.
* Have abnormal liver function tests.
* Have a history of leukopenia and/or neutropenia.
* Have a history of chronic peptic ulcer disease, erosive esophagitis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease and/or chronic colonic disease.
* Have a positive PPD test result.
* Have had any live vaccinations in the preceding 6 weeks (e.g. MMR-second dose, live flu vaccine, varicella vaccine, live polio vaccine, yellow fever vaccine).
* Resides outside reasonable geographical proximity to the clinic (i.e., residence outside the state in which the Investigator and study reside, residence outside an immediately neighboring state, or residence outside an area that the Investigator considers reasonable). It is left to the Investigator's discretion to decide if a patient's geographical residence is prohibitive to complete study participation.
* Require chronic use of steroids or other immunosuppressive agents for other conditions.
* Be currently pregnant or 3 months postpartum.
* Be currently nursing or within 6 weeks of having completed nursing.
* Anticipate getting pregnant, or fathering a child, during the study.
* Have a Body Mass Index (BMI) that is greater than the 95th percentile for age and gender.
* Have serologic evidence of HIV infection.
* Have serologic evidence of Hepatitis B infection.
* Have serologic evidence of Hepatitis C infection.
* Have abnormal liver function tests.
* Have a history of leukopenia and/or neutropenia.
* Have a history of chronic peptic ulcer disease, erosive esophagitis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease and/or chronic colonic disease.
* Have a positive PPD test result.
* Have had any live vaccinations in the preceding 6 weeks (e.g. MMR-second dose, live flu vaccine, varicella vaccine, live polio vaccine, yellow fever vaccine).
* Resides outside reasonable geographical proximity to the clinic (i.e., residence outside the state in which the Investigator and study reside, residence outside an immediately neighboring state, or residence outside an area that the Investigator considers reasonable). It is left to the Investigator's discretion to decide if a patient's geographical residence is prohibitive to complete study participation.
* Require chronic use of steroids or other immunosuppressive agents for other conditions.
* Be currently pregnant or 3 months postpartum.
* Be currently nursing or within 6 weeks of having completed nursing.
* Anticipate getting pregnant, or fathering a child, during the study.
Minimum Eligible Age
8 Years
Maximum Eligible Age
45 Years
Eligible Sex
ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Sponsors
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
NIH
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
NIH
Sponsor Role
collaborator
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
OTHER
Sponsor Role
collaborator
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR)
NIH
Sponsor Role
collaborator
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
NIH
Sponsor Role
lead
Responsible Party
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Responsibility Role
SPONSOR
Principal Investigators
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Jay S Skyler, M.D.
Role: STUDY_CHAIR
University of Miami
Locations
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Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California, United States
Site Status
University of California-San Francisco
San Francisco, California, United States
Site Status
Stanford University
Stanford, California, United States
Site Status
Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado
Denver, Colorado, United States
Site Status
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida, United States
Site Status
Indiana University
Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
Site Status
Joslin Diabetes Center
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Site Status
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Site Status
Columbia University
New York, New York, United States
Site Status
Benaroya Research Institute
Seattle, Washington, United States
Site Status
Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Site Status
Countries
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United States
Canada
References
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Palmer JP, Fleming GA, Greenbaum CJ, Herold KC, Jansa LD, Kolb H, Lachin JM, Polonsky KS, Pozzilli P, Skyler JS, Steffes MW. C-peptide is the appropriate outcome measure for type 1 diabetes clinical trials to preserve beta-cell function: report of an ADA workshop, 21-22 October 2001. Diabetes. 2004 Jan;53(1):250-64. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.1.250.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Kaufman DB, Leventhal JR, Stuart J, Abecassis MM, Fryer JP, Stuart FP. Mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus as primary maintenance immunosuppression in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation: initial experience in 50 consecutive cases. Transplantation. 1999 Feb 27;67(4):586-93. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199902270-00017.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Feutren G, Papoz L, Assan R, Vialettes B, Karsenty G, Vexiau P, Du Rostu H, Rodier M, Sirmai J, Lallemand A, et al. Cyclosporin increases the rate and length of remissions in insulin-dependent diabetes of recent onset. Results of a multicentre double-blind trial. Lancet. 1986 Jul 19;2(8499):119-24. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91943-4.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Placebo-controlled study of mycophenolate mofetil combined with cyclosporin and corticosteroids for prevention of acute rejection. European Mycophenolate Mofetil Cooperative Study Group. Lancet. 1995 May 27;345(8961):1321-5.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Brazelton TR, Morris RE. Molecular mechanisms of action of new xenobiotic immunosuppressive drugs: tacrolimus (FK506), sirolimus (rapamycin), mycophenolate mofetil and leflunomide. Curr Opin Immunol. 1996 Oct;8(5):710-20. doi: 10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80090-2.
Reference Type
BACKGROUND
Gottlieb PA, Quinlan S, Krause-Steinrauf H, Greenbaum CJ, Wilson DM, Rodriguez H, Schatz DA, Moran AM, Lachin JM, Skyler JS; Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet MMF/DZB Study Group. Failure to preserve beta-cell function with mycophenolate mofetil and daclizumab combined therapy in patients with new- onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010 Apr;33(4):826-32. doi: 10.2337/dc09-1349. Epub 2010 Jan 12.
Reference Type
RESULT
Loechelt BJ, Boulware D, Green M, Baden LR, Gottlieb P, Krause-Steinrauf H, Weinberg A; Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Daclizumab/Mycophenolic Acid Study Group. Epstein-Barr and other herpesvirus infections in patients with early onset type 1 diabetes treated with daclizumab and mycophenolate mofetil. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Jan;56(2):248-54. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis848. Epub 2012 Oct 5.
Reference Type
DERIVED
Related Links
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http://www.diabetestrialnet.org
TrialNet Study Group
http://www.diabetes.org
American Diabetes Association
Other Identifiers
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