Trial Outcomes & Findings for Expectation of Unpleasant Events in Anxiety Disorders (NCT NCT00055224)

Last Updated: 2024-01-09

Results Overview

Following tasks completion, participants provided retrospective ratings of: anxiety and attention during safe and threat conditions using an analog scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 10 (extremely). Participants rated overall subjective difficulty with attention ('How difficult was it to pay attention during threat/safe?') and level of anxiety ('How anxious were you during threat/safe?'). Retrospective ratings of anxiety and difficulty with attention were analyzed with two way Diagnosis x Condition (safe, threat) ANOVA.

Recruitment status

COMPLETED

Study phase

Target enrollment

921 participants

Primary outcome timeframe

Assessed immediately after completing the affective Stroop task

Results posted on

2024-01-09

Participant Flow

921 participants were consented and performed one or more tasks. 3 participated did not perform any study related tasks.

All sub-studies were conducted at different time points so subjects had the option to participate in multiple sub-studies.

Participant milestones

Participant milestones
Measure	Healthy Participants Substudy 1/ Neutral, Predictable, and Unpredictable Responses: This experiment examined physiological responses including startle reflex to different threat of shock conditions (neutral (N)- no shock, unpredictable - shock at any time, and predictable -cued shock (P)). Each of these conditions were signaled by a written text displayed on a computer monitor (e.g., shock only when blue square present). Substudy 2/ Working Memory Task: Subjects performed a working memory task in two conditions, under threat of shock and in safety (no threat of shock). Substudy 5 /Face Stroop Task: Stimuli were pictures of faces exhibiting anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise. Intermixed with the faces were pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Subjects indicated which emotion the face displayed. Accurate response was used as measure of facial emotion recognition. Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance and Sustained Attention Tasks: In the active avoidance signal task (AAST), participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses. In the sustained attention response task (SART), participants were presented with stimuli and either initiated a response (i.e. "go") or inhibited their response (i.e. "stop") based on what stimuli were presented. Pilot Tasks: Participants completed one/more task: nerve stimulation, short speech, air burst, saliva samples, squeezer task, virtual reality task, or computer-based task.	Anxiety Subjects Substudy 1/ Neutral, Predictable, and Unpredictable Responses: This experiment examined physiological responses including startle reflex to different threat of shock conditions (neutral (N)- no shock, unpredictable - shock at any time, and predictable -cued shock (P)). Each of these conditions were signaled by a written text displayed on a computer monitor (e.g., shock only when blue square present). Substudy 2/ Working Memory Task: Subjects performed a working memory task in two conditions, under threat of shock and in safety (no threat of shock). Substudy 5 /Face Stroop Task: Stimuli were pictures of faces exhibiting anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise. Intermixed with the faces were pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Subjects indicated which emotion the face displayed. Accurate response was used as measure of facial emotion recognition. Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance and Sustained Attention Tasks: In the active avoidance signal task (AAST), participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses. In the sustained attention response task (SART), participants were presented with stimuli and either initiated a response (i.e. "go") or inhibited their response (i.e. "stop") based on what stimuli were presented. Pilot Tasks: Participants completed one/more task: nerve stimulation, short speech, air burst, saliva samples, squeezer task, virtual reality task, or computer-based task.
Overall Study Participants STARTED	557	361
Overall Study Participants COMPLETED	557	361
Overall Study Participants NOT COMPLETED	0	0
Substudy 1 STARTED	23	78
Substudy 1 COMPLETED	23	78
Substudy 1 NOT COMPLETED	0	0
Substudy 2 STARTED	42	35
Substudy 2 COMPLETED	42	35
Substudy 2 NOT COMPLETED	0	0
Substudy 5 STARTED	33	36
Substudy 5 COMPLETED	33	36
Substudy 5 NOT COMPLETED	0	0
Substudy 7 STARTED	65	91
Substudy 7 COMPLETED	65	91
Substudy 7 NOT COMPLETED	0	0
Pilot Tasks STARTED	406	183
Pilot Tasks COMPLETED	406	183
Pilot Tasks NOT COMPLETED	0	0

Reasons for withdrawal

Withdrawal data not reported

Baseline Characteristics

Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants

Baseline characteristics by cohort

Baseline characteristics by cohort
Measure	Substudy 1/ Neutral, Predictable, and Unpredictable Responses n=101 Participants This experiment examined physiological responses including startle reflex to different threat of shock conditions (neutral (N)- no shock, unpredictable - shock at any time , and predictable -cued shock (P)) in subjects with anxiety disorders and healthy control. Each of these conditions were signaled by a written text displayed on a computer monitor (e.g., shock only when blue square present).	Substudy 2/Working Memory Task n=76 Participants Subjects performed a working memory task in two conditions, under threat of shock and in safety (no threat of shock). Subjects included participants with anxiety disorder and healthy volunteer.	Substudy 5/Face Stroop Task n=62 Participants Stimuli were pictures of faces exhibiting anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise (Ekman, 1993). Intermixed with the faces were pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Subjects indicated which emotion the face displayed. Accurate response was used as measure of facial emotion recognition. Subjects included participants with anxiety disorder and healthy volunteer.	Substudy 7/Active Avoidance and Sustained Attention Tasks n=90 Participants In the active avoidance signal task (AAST), participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses. In the sustained attention response task (SART), participants were presented with stimuli and either initiated a response (i.e. "go") or inhibited their response (i.e. "stop") based on what stimuli were presented. Subjects included participants with anxiety disorder and healthy volunteer.	Pilot Task n=589 Participants Participants completed one or more pilot tasks: nerve stimulation, short speech in front of a small audience or in a virtual environment, burst of air to neck, provide saliva samples for cortisol analysis, squeeze a grip device, virtual reality task, and/or computer based experimental tasks.	Total n=918 Participants Total of all reporting groups
Age, Categorical Healthy participants · <=18 years	0 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Age, Categorical Healthy participants · Between 18 and 65 years	23 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	42 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	30 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	56 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	406 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	557 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Age, Categorical Healthy participants · >=65 years	0 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Age, Categorical Anxiety Subjects · <=18 years	0 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Age, Categorical Anxiety Subjects · Between 18 and 65 years	78 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	34 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	32 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	34 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	183 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	361 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Age, Categorical Anxiety Subjects · >=65 years	0 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Sex: Female, Male Healthy Participants · Female	13 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	28 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	25 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	43 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	236 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	345 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Sex: Female, Male Healthy Participants · Male	10 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	14 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	5 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	13 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	170 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	212 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Sex: Female, Male Anxiety Patients · Female	54 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	30 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	28 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	16 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	116 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	244 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Sex: Female, Male Anxiety Patients · Male	24 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	4 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	4 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	18 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	67 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	117 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Healthy Participants · Hispanic or Latino	2 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	5 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	6 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	36 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	49 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Healthy Participants · Not Hispanic or Latino	21 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	36 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	30 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	49 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	359 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	495 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Healthy Participants · Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	1 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	1 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	11 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	13 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Anxiety Subjects · Hispanic or Latino	5 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	6 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	1 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	2 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	20 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	34 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Anxiety Subjects · Not Hispanic or Latino	71 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	27 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	31 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	32 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	159 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	320 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Anxiety Subjects · Unknown or Not Reported	2 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	1 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	4 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	7 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Healthy Participants · American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	2 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	2 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Healthy Participants · Asian	5 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	7 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	6 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	5 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	39 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	62 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Healthy Participants · Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	2 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	2 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Healthy Participants · Black or African American	7 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	8 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	5 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	20 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	79 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	119 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Healthy Participants · White	9 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	21 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	17 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	25 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	245 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	317 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Healthy Participants · More than one race	0 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	3 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	2 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	3 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	10 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	18 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Healthy Participants · Unknown or Not Reported	2 Participants n=23 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	3 Participants n=42 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=30 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	3 Participants n=56 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	29 Participants n=406 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	37 Participants n=557 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Anxiety Subjects · American Indian or Alaska Native	2 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	2 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Anxiety Subjects · Asian	7 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	5 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	2 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	2 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	11 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	27 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Anxiety Subjects · Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	0 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	1 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	1 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Anxiety Subjects · Black or African American	25 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	8 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	6 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	4 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	36 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	79 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Anxiety Subjects · White	34 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	17 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	21 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	26 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	110 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	208 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Anxiety Subjects · More than one race	6 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	3 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	1 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	1 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	6 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	17 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Anxiety Subjects · Unknown or Not Reported	4 Participants n=78 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	1 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	2 Participants n=32 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	1 Participants n=34 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	19 Participants n=183 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants	27 Participants n=361 Participants • Study comprised of several sub-studies with the aim of comparing Healthy participants to Anxiety participants

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 2000 ms during trial

Population: Analysis included only participants in sub-study 7 who completed the active avoidance signal task (AAST). Two healthy controls were excluded from analyses.

Subjects participated in go/no go (GNG) task condition during periods of threat of shocks and periods of safety when no shock could be administered. During the GNG stimuli were presented on a monitor. In the GNG task, participants were asked to respond to frequent 'go' stimuli ('=') by pressing the '2' on the keypad of a computer keyboard and to withhold their response to infrequent 'nogo' stimuli ('O'). Stimuli were randomly distributed. A correct go hit was a response recorded during these 2000 ms to a go trial. Similarly, a correct nogo omission was a no response during the same period to a nogo trial. Performance was determined for each condition (threat, safe) and trial type (go, nogo) by dividing the number of correct responses by the total number of each trial type. Improvement in accuracy was measured as a higher percent of correct button presses during threat compared to safety.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Healthy Participants n=22 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Anxiety Patients n=23 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses
Change in Percent of Correct Button Presses During Threat Compared to the Safe Condition (AAST)	-0.016 Percentage of accurate responses Standard Error 0.03	0.008 Percentage of accurate responses Standard Error 0.04

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 2000 ms during trial

Population: Analysis included only participants in sub-study 7 who completed the active avoidance signal task (AAST). Two healthy controls were excluded from analyses.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Healthy Participants n=22 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Anxiety Patients n=23 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses
Change in Percent of Correct no Button Presses During Threat Compared to the Safe Condition	-0.002 Percentage of accurate responses Standard Error 0.03	0.028 Percentage of accurate responses Standard Error 0.04

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 2000 ms during trial

Population: Analysis included only participants in sub-study 7 who completed the Sustained attention response task (SART).

Correct go responses were go trials followed by button press. Reaction time (RT) is the time it takes to respond to stimuli. Participants RTs were measured while undergoing alternating periods of safety and shock threat conditions i.e. while anticipating unpleasant electric shocks (threat) or no shock (safe). Mean reaction time (RT) was calculated for correct-go to evaluate speed-accuracy trade-off.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Healthy Participants n=41 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Anxiety Patients n=41 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses
Correct-go Reaction Time (RT) - Safe Condition	387.8 milliseconds (ms) Standard Error 16.2	337.3 milliseconds (ms) Standard Error 10.7

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 2000 ms during trial

Population: Analysis included only participants in sub-study 7 who completed the Sustained attention response task (SART).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Healthy Participants n=41 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Anxiety Patients n=41 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses
Correct-go Reaction Time (RT) - Threat Condition	377.4 milliseconds (ms) Standard Error 14.7	332.2 milliseconds (ms) Standard Error 10.9

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 2000 ms during trial

Population: Analysis included only participants in sub-study 7 who completed the Sustained attention response task (SART).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Healthy Participants n=41 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Anxiety Patients n=41 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses
Go Correct Hits Followed by Button Press - Safe Condition	0.91 Proportion of correct responses Standard Error 0.01	0.87 Proportion of correct responses Standard Error 0.01

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 2000 ms during trial

Population: Analysis included only participants in sub-study 7 who completed the sustained attention response task (SART).

Subjects participated in go/no go (GNG) task condition during periods of threat of shocks and periods of safety when no shock could be administered. During the GNG stimuli were presented on a monitor. In the GNG task, participants were asked to respond to frequent (91%) 'go' stimuli ('=') by pressing the '2' on the keypad of a computer keyboard and to withhold their response to infrequent (9%) 'nogo' stimuli ('O'). Stimuli were randomly distributed. A correct go hit was a response recorded during these 2000 ms to a go trial. Similarly, a correct nogo omission was a no response during the same period to a nogo trial. Performance was determined for each condition (threat, safe) and trial type (go, nogo) by dividing the number of correct response by the total number of each trial type.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Healthy Participants n=41 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Anxiety Patients n=41 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses
Go Correct Hits Followed by Button Press - Threat Condition	0.9 Proportion of correct responses Standard Error 0.01	0.87 Proportion of correct responses Standard Error 0.02

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 2000 ms during trial

Population: Analysis included only participants in sub-study 7 who completed the sustained attention response task (SART).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Healthy Participants n=41 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Anxiety Patients n=41 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses
Nogo Trials Followed by no Button Press - Safe Condition	0.76 Proportion of correct responses Standard Error 0.02	0.76 Proportion of correct responses Standard Error 0.01

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 2000 ms during trial

Population: Analysis included only participants in sub-study 7 who completed the sustained attention response task (SART).

Outcome measures

Outcome measures
Measure	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Healthy Participants n=41 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses	Substudy 7/ Active Avoidance Signal Task (AAST) - Anxiety Patients n=41 Participants Participants performed paradigms which tested whether threat impacts the initiation and the inhibition of behavioral responses
Nogo Trials Followed by no Button Press - Threat Condition	0.8 Proportion of correct responses Standard Error 0.02	0.81 Proportion of correct responses Standard Error 0.02

PRIMARY outcome

Timeframe: 11.2 minutes per run for a total of 22.4 minutes

Population: Analysis included only participants in sub-study 5 who completed the face stroop task.

Participants watched as six trial types differing by congruence and emotion (negative, neutral, positive) were presented during condition blocks (safe, threat) on a computer screen. Each trial began with a fixation point which was then immediately followed by a picture stimulus, followed by a numerical display, followed by a repeat of the picture stimulus, and followed by a blank screen. During threat, a participant could receive a shock. During safe, a participant could not receive a shock. The effect of accuracy on congruence across negative, positive, and neutral images in threat and safe conditions was assessed by participants accurate identification of facial expression.